Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 2004
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 2004
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:

General Invasion History:

Laomedea calceolifera was originally described from the British Isles, and is now known from locations around the globe (Fraser 1944; Vervoort 2006; Appeltans et al. 2011). In the Northeast Atlantic, its presumed native region, it ranges from the White and Barents Seas (Linko 1911, Kudelin 1914 and Antsulevich 1987, cited by Vervoort 2006), to Spain, the Azores, the Cape Verde Islands (Vervoort 2006), and throughout the Mediterranean into the Black Sea (Bouillon et al. 2004). It is considered cryptogenic in the Western Atlantic, where it occurs from Gaspe, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Long Island Sound (Fraser 1944; MIT Sea Grant 2003), and on the coast of Brazil (Vannucci 1949, cited by Migotto et al. 2002). Introduced populations have been collected in the Northeast (California) and Northwest (China and Russia) Pacific.

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

In the Northeast Pacific, Laomedea calceolifera was collected in San Francisco Bay, California in a 2004 rapid assessment survey, at Richmond and Coyote Point Marinas (Cohen and Carlton 2005; Mills et al., in Carlton 2007). This hydroid has also been reported off Orange County, in southern California, but no reproductive structures were seen and the identification is tentative. A specimen, was identified as L. calceolifera by Dr. Sofia Stepanjants of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ljubenkov, in SCAMIT 2003), but until the identification is verified, we have not included it on our distribution map.

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

Laomedea calceolifera has been introduced to the Northwest Pacific, where it was first collected in Shandong, China in the Yellow Sea (Chen-sheng Kao, cited by Chalypigna 1992); and later found in Peter the Great Bay, in the vicinity of Vladivostok, Russia on docks and the hull of a boat (Chalypigna 1992). It has been found on a ship's hull in South Africa, but it is not established there (Millard 1975).


Description

Laomedea calceolifera has fixed gonophores rather than a free medusa stage in its life cycle. It forms colonies up to 30 mm high, with erect stems arising from smooth, but twisting stolons. Branches are alternating left and right, and above each branching point are several rings. The hydrothecae are born on pedicels with multiple rings. They are deep and bell-shaped, with a smooth, distally flared margin. The male and female gonothecae are dissimilar when mature. The female gonothecae are club-shaped, with a sub-terminal curving aperture on one side. The male gonothecae are cylindrical, narrower than the female, and are elongate with a terminal aperture (description from: Bouillon et al. 2004; Vervoort 2006).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Cnidaria
Class:   Hydrozoa
Subclass:   Hydroidolina
Order:   Leptothecata
Family:   Campanulariidae
Genus:   Laomedea
Species:   calceolifera

Synonyms

Campanularia calceolifera (Hincks, 1871)
Eulaomedea calceolifera (Rees & Thursfield, 1965)
(, )
Lomedea calceolifera (Boero & Bouillon, 1993)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Laomedea flexuosa
This hydroid is widely distributed in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean, and has been introduced into the Sea of Japan, in Russia (Chalypigna 1992; Bouillon et al. 2004; Vervoort 2006).

Ecology

General:

Laomedea calceolifera is a sessile hydrozoan which lacks a planktonic medusa stage. Colonies grow on a solid substrate, with polyps arising from a creeping stolon. The polyps form bushy structures, with many hydranths, whose tentacles capture zooplankton. The polyps produce gonophores, which produce either eggs or sperm. The egg develops into a ciliated non-feeding planula larva which is released into the water column (Bouillon et al. 2004; Vervoort 2006).

Planulae of L. calceolifera settle and grow on stones, seagrasses, seaweeds, docks, buoys, and pilings (Fraser 1944). It is also known from ships’ hulls and fouling plates (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952; Chalypigna 1992). Laomedea calceolifera grows in cold-temperate to subtropical climates, and in the Black and Mediterranean Sea (Bouillon et al. 2004) where salinities range from 18 to 38 PSU.

Food:

zoooplankton, epibenthos

Consumers:

Nudibranchs

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatVessel HullNone
Salinity RangeMesohaline5-18 PSU
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Maximum Height (mm)30Hydroid height (Bouillon et al. 2004; Vervoort 2006)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Subtropical
Broad Salinity RangeNonePolyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

The hydroid Laomedea calceolifera is a common and widespread ship and dock fouling organism, but specific impacts have not been reported.

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P090 San Francisco Bay 2004 Non-native Established
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 2004 Non-native Established

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
698595 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-27 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.5907 -122.3180
698800 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-26 Richmond Marina Boat Ramp, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.9139 -122.3542
699116 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Paradise Cay Non-native 37.9146 -122.4776

References

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