Invasion History
First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1941First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1941
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:
General Invasion History:
Stenothoe valida was described from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil by Dana in 1853. This amphipod was found and named by Costa in Naples, Italy, in the same year, and later recorded from many warm-water ports around the world (Barnard 1953). The small size of the animal, and the diversity and taxonomic difficulty of the genus, means it has been frequently overlooked, and its native range is unknown. Its known range includes both sides of the North Atlantic (Colombia to North Carolina; Senegal to southern England, Fox and Bynum 1975; Lincoln 1979; Hirayama 1988; US National Museum of Natural History 2011); the Mediterranean Sea (Bellan-Santini et al. 1993); Brazil; South Africa (Hirayama 1988); the Indian Ocean (Ledoyer 1967; Sivaprakasam 1969); the Northwest Pacific (Japan and Korea, Hirayama 1988; Kim and Kim 1991); and the Southwest Pacific (New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, Chilton 1924; Atlas of Living Australia 2015).
Stenothoe valida has apparently extended its range northward in recent years. In the North Sea, it was collected on submerged shipwrecks off Belgium in 2005 (Zintsen et al. 2008) and on floating seaweed at the island of Helgoland, Germany in 1998 (Franke and Gutow 2003). On the coast of New England, in 2000-2013, S. valida was recorded in Buzzards Bay and the Gulf of Maine (MIT Sea Grant 2000-2008; Wells et al. 2014). This amphipod may have been overlooked, due to its similarity with the native S. minuta (Bousfield 1973), so we do not currently consider it introduced here.
North American Invasion History:
Invasion History on the West Coast:
Stenothoe valida was first collected on the West Coast in San Francisco Bay, California sometime before 1941 (Light 1941, cited by Carlton 1979). It has been collected primarily in harbors and bays, usually among hydroids on man-made structures. In San Francisco, it is known from Central, South, and San Pablo Bays (Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995; Cohen et al. 2005). In 1951-1953, it was collected in dock fouling in Newport Bay and Los Angeles Harbors (Barnard 1953; Barnard and Reish 1959), and in 1961 in Bahia de San Quintin, Mexico (Carlton 1979; USNM 109156, US National Museum of Natural History 2007). More recently, it was found in: Humboldt Bay in 2000 (Boyd et al. 2002); Channel Islands Harbor in 2000 (Cohen et al. 2002); Marina Del Rey in 2000 (Cohen et al. 2002); and Monterey Harbor, Oceanside Harbor, and Mission Bay in 2011 (California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014).
Invasion History in Hawaii:
Chilton (1924) reported a collection of Stenothoe valida from the Hawaiian Islands. Followed by a report from Barnard (1970) of S. valida specimens collected from transplanted black coral (Antipathes irregularis) in deep water off Oahu, which showed some atypical features. More definite records are from 1996 in Pearl Harbor; 2000 in Kaneohe Bay (Coles et al. 2002a); and 2002 in Molokai, Kauai, and Maui (Coles et al. 2004). Stenothoe valida is now well-established around the Hawaiian Islands. In 1997, it was found in the lagoon of Midway Island (Defelice et al. 1998).
Description
The family Stenothoidae is distinguished by having coxal plates 2-4 greatly enlarged, covering the basal segments of most of the appendages. The abdomen is flexed downward. They are sometimes called 'seed-amphipods', for their laterally-compressed elliptical shape. The eye is relatively large. Antenna 1 is less than 1/2 body length and is slightly longer than Antenna 2.
In Stenothoe valida, Gnathopod 2 is larger than Gnathopod 1 in the female, and is sexually dimorphic, but does not differ greatly in size. Gnathopod 1, in both sexes, has segment 4 (merus), reaching the distal end of segment 5 (carpus). In the male, segment 6 (the propodus) has a large tooth, adjacent to a deep excavation near the insertion of segment 7, the dactyl. The palm and the opposing surface of the dactyl are both densely covered with setae. The female's Gnathopod 2 lacks the large distal tooth, the excavation, and has only a few, short setae on the palm. In the female, coxa plate 2 is much larger than in the male. Pereiopods 5-7 have segment 4 (merus) enlarged, with a curved, blade-like postero-distal tip. Uropod 1 extends beyond Uropod 2 and is lined with short, fine comb-like spines. Both Uropods 1 and 2 are biramous. Uropod 3 has a thick peduncle, shorter than the single 2-segmented ramus. The distal end of segment 1 bears a spine facing outward; segment 2 resembles a thick-tapered spine. The telson is oval, with 3-4 pairs of marginal spines. Adults are 4-6 mm in size. Description based on: Barnard 1953, Hirayama 1988, Bellan-Santini et al. 1993, Chapman 2007, LeCroy 2011; Lincoln 1979; Krapp-Schickel 2013, and Krapp Schickel 2015). Krapp-Schickel (2015) suggests that S. valida is very likely a complex of closely related species/
Taxonomy
Taxonomic Tree
Kingdom: | Animalia | |
Phylum: | Arthropoda | |
Subphylum: | Crustacea | |
Class: | Malacostraca | |
Subclass: | Eumalacostraca | |
Superorder: | Peracarida | |
Order: | Amphipoda | |
Suborder: | Gammaridea | |
Family: | Stenothoidae | |
Genus: | Stenothoe | |
Species: | valida |
Synonyms
Stenothoe validus (Dana, 1853)
Probolium polyprion (Costa, 1853)
Probolium megacheles (Heller, 1866)
Montagua miersii (Haswell, 1880)
Montagua longicornis (Haswell, 1880)
Probolium miersii (Chilton, 1885)
Stenothoe adhaerens (Chilton, 1891)
Stenothoe valida (Della Valla, 1893)
Stenothoe miersii (Stebbing, 1906)
Stenothoe ornata (Barnard, 1930)
Potentially Misidentified Species
Northeast Pacific native, found in Southern California associated with the sabellariid Phragmatopoma califonrica (Chapman 2007).
Stenothoe gallensis complex
Described from the Indo-Pacific, now widely distributed in the Atlantic, introduced to Hawaii and New Zealand (Bellan-Santini et al. 1993; Carlton and Eldredge 2009; LeCroy 2011). The species-complex contains at least 8 named species, several of which occurin both the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic (Krapp-Schickel 2015)
Stenothoe georgiana
Northwest Atlantic native, Virginia to Tortugas and Brazil (LeCroy 2011).
Stenothoe minuta
Northwest Atlantic native, Cape Cod to Georgia (Bousfield 1973).
Ecology
General:
Stenothoe valida is a small marine gammaridean amphipod, usually associated with fouling communities, fouling organisms such as sponges and tunicate, corals, algae, or seagrasses (Lewis 1992; Lecroy 2011; Krapp-Schickel and Vader 2015). Sexes are separate, the young are brooded and development is direct (Bousfield 1973). Females in Barbados carried 10-20 eggs. Juveniles actively swam and walked, while adults tended to be more sedentary, staying in cavities and barnacle shells, defending these territories (Lewis 1992).
Stenothoe valida is known from cold-temperate to tropical climates, and polyhaline to euhaline salinities (Lincoln 1979; Hirayama 1988; Cohen et al. 2005). This amphipod tends to be strongly associated with live or dead sessile organisms that provide refuge. In Los Angeles Harbor, it was found among colonies of the hydroid Ectopleura crocea (Barnard 1953), while in Humboldt Bay, it was found around mussels (Mytilus trossulus) and tunicates. Other hosts include the hydrozoan coral Millepora complanata and empty barnacle shells in Barbados; seagrasses and sponges in Florida (LeCroy 2011); and floating seaweeds in the North sea, Germany (Franke and Gutow 2003). Stenothoe valida is common in dock, buoy, and ship fouling (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952; Carlton 1979). It is a suspension feeder - animals sit in place, with uropods pressed against a surface and the body pointed upward at a 30-degree angle, with the antennae and gnathopods in motion, and periodically wiped across the mouthparts (Lewis 1992).
Food:
Phytoplankton, detritus
Trophic Status:
Suspension Feeder
SusFedHabitats
General Habitat | Coarse Woody Debris | None |
General Habitat | Marinas & Docks | None |
General Habitat | Coral reef | None |
General Habitat | Vessel Hull | None |
General Habitat | Rocky | None |
Salinity Range | Polyhaline | 18-30 PSU |
Salinity Range | Euhaline | 30-40 PSU |
Tidal Range | Subtidal | None |
Tidal Range | Low Intertidal | None |
Vertical Habitat | Epibenthic | None |
Tolerances and Life History Parameters
Minimum Salinity (‰) | 20 | Field data, Port Sonoma, CA, San Pablo Bay (Cohen et al. 2005) |
Maximum Salinity (‰) | 40 | Approximate maximum salinity, Mediterranean Sea |
Minimum Length (mm) | 2.1 | Females, Males 2.5 mm, Barbados (Lewis 1992) |
Maximum Length (mm) | 6 | Mediterranean (Krapp-Schickel 2013) |
Broad Temperature Range | None | Cold temperate-Tropical |
Broad Salinity Range | None | Polyhaline-Euhaline |
General Impacts
No impacts have been reported for Stenothoe valida throughout its range.Regional Distribution Map
Bioregion | Region Name | Year | Invasion Status | Population Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
P062 | _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) | 2015 | Non-native | Established |
P030 | Mission Bay | 2011 | Non-native | Established |
P023 | _CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido) | 2011 | Non-native | Established |
P080 | Monterey Bay | 2011 | Non-native | Established |
P062 | _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) | 2000 | Non-native | Established |
P060 | Santa Monica Bay | 2000 | Non-native | Established |
P130 | Humboldt Bay | 2000 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-IV | Puget Sound to Northern California | 2000 | Non-native | Established |
P050 | San Pedro Bay | 1951 | Non-native | Established |
P040 | Newport Bay | 1951 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-VI | Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California | 1951 | Non-native | Established |
P093 | _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) | 1941 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-V | Northern California to Mid Channel Islands | 1941 | Non-native | Established |
P090 | San Francisco Bay | 1941 | Non-native | Established |
Occurrence Map
OCC_ID | Author | Year | Date | Locality | Status | Latitude | Longitude |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
755627 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-06-07 | Aquatic Park | Non-native | 37.8068 | -122.4243 |
755628 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-08-25 | Central Basin | Non-native | 37.7643 | -122.3863 |
755629 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-08-25 | China Basin | Non-native | 37.7780 | -122.3881 |
755630 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-08-25 | Ferry Terminal Pier | Non-native | 37.7945 | -122.3917 |
755631 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-08-25 | Potrero Point | Non-native | 37.7521 | -122.3790 |
755632 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-07 | Dumbarton Bridge | Non-native | 37.5070 | -122.1168 |
755633 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-07 | Redwood Creek - Shipping | Non-native | 37.5120 | -122.2109 |
755634 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-08 | Cruise Ship Pier | Non-native | 37.8085 | -122.4060 |
755635 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-08 | Pier 39 | Non-native | 37.8108 | -122.4086 |
755636 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-08 | Pier 45 | Non-native | 37.8111 | -122.4196 |
755637 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-08 | Treasure Island | Non-native | 37.8149 | -122.3702 |
755638 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-09 | Coyote Point Marina | Non-native | 37.5905 | -122.3177 |
755639 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-09 | San Mateo Bridge | Non-native | 37.5806 | -122.2543 |
755640 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-04 | Berkeley Flats/Berkeley Pier | Non-native | 37.8600 | -122.3256 |
755641 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-04 | Berkeley Marina | Non-native | 37.8676 | -122.3172 |
755642 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-04 | Oakland Inner Harbor - Shipping cranes | Non-native | 37.7957 | -122.3136 |
755643 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-04 | Oakland Outer Harbor | Non-native | 37.8221 | -122.3120 |
755644 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-05 | Ballena Bay | Non-native | 37.7662 | -122.2842 |
755645 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-05 | Oakland Inner Harbor - Small marinas | Non-native | 37.7845 | -122.2674 |
755646 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-05 | Sea Plane Lagoon | Non-native | 37.7762 | -122.2998 |
755647 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-06 | Point Richmond Piers | Non-native | 37.9085 | -122.3913 |
755648 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-06 | Santa Fe Channel - Front | Non-native | 37.9101 | -122.3644 |
755649 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-19 | Hercules Wharf | Non-native | 38.0231 | -122.2928 |
755650 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-19 | Napa Valley Marina | Non-native | 38.2198 | -122.3119 |
755651 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-20 | Loch Lomond Marina Area | Non-native | 37.9720 | -122.4832 |
755652 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-20 | Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor | Non-native | 37.9643 | -122.4185 |
755653 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-20 | San Pablo Bay Pumphouse | Non-native | 38.0446 | -122.4326 |
755654 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-21 | Ayala Cove | Non-native | 37.8680 | -122.4350 |
755655 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-21 | Corinthian Marina | Non-native | 37.8726 | -122.4563 |
755656 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-21 | Paradise Cay | Non-native | 37.9147 | -122.4774 |
755657 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-21 | Romberg Tiburon Center | Non-native | 37.8906 | -122.4458 |
755658 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-07-28 | Derelict Boat | Non-native | 35.3589 | -120.8524 |
755659 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-08 | Aquaculture Floats | Non-native | 40.8285 | -124.1648 |
755660 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-05-31 | Dumbarton Bridge | Non-native | 37.5061 | -122.1178 |
755661 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-05-31 | Railroad Bridge | Non-native | 37.4600 | -121.9748 |
755662 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-05-31 | Redwood Creek - Shipping | Non-native | 37.5119 | -122.2111 |
755663 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-01 | Sierra Point Marina | Non-native | 37.6741 | -122.3798 |
755664 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-02 | Coast Guard Island | Non-native | 37.7813 | -122.2456 |
755665 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-02 | Oakland Inner Harbor - Shipping cranes | Non-native | 37.7958 | -122.3137 |
755666 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-03 | Berkeley Flats/Berkeley Pier | Non-native | 37.8604 | -122.3251 |
755667 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-03 | Berkeley Marina | Non-native | 37.8677 | -122.3172 |
755668 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-03 | Treasure Island | Non-native | 37.8150 | -122.3703 |
755669 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-28 | Point Richmond Piers | Non-native | 37.9085 | -122.3915 |
755670 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-28 | Santa Fe Channel - Back | Non-native | 37.9206 | -122.3685 |
755671 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-28 | Santa Fe Channel - Front | Non-native | 37.9100 | -122.3643 |
755672 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-30 | Rodeo Marina | Non-native | 38.0390 | -122.2743 |
755673 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-01 | Ayala Cove | Non-native | 37.8677 | -122.4351 |
755674 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-12 | Cruise Ship Pier | Non-native | 37.8086 | -122.4060 |
755675 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-12 | Ferry Terminal Pier | Non-native | 37.7945 | -122.3918 |
755676 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-12 | Pier 45 | Non-native | 37.8111 | -122.4196 |
755677 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-29 | San Mateo Bridge | Non-native | 37.5804 | -122.2545 |
755678 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-07 | CIYC Guest Slip | Non-native | 34.1642 | -119.2253 |
755679 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-19 | Back Bay Marina | Non-native | 33.6193 | -117.8935 |
755680 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-19 | Balboa Coves | Non-native | 33.6213 | -117.9364 |
755681 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-20 | Fuel Depot | Non-native | 33.7439 | -118.2393 |
755682 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-20 | LA/Long Beach Coast Guard Pier | Non-native | 33.7232 | -118.2685 |
755683 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-20 | Slip D-50 | Non-native | 33.7166 | -118.2792 |
755684 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-21 | Draw Bridge | Non-native | 33.7644 | -118.2428 |
755685 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-03 | Marine Terminal (Paco) | Non-native | 32.6583 | -117.1191 |
755686 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-03 | San Diego Bay Cruise Ship Terminal | Non-native | 32.7155 | -117.1748 |
755687 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-04 | Dana Inn Marina | Non-native | 32.7672 | -117.2361 |
755688 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-04 | Seaforth | Non-native | 32.7625 | -117.2363 |
755689 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-05 | Middle Harbor Yacht Slip | Non-native | 33.2106 | -117.3958 |
755690 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-06 | Ferry Terminal Docks | Non-native | 33.3441 | -118.3225 |
755691 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-06 | The Tuna Club | Non-native | 33.3460 | -118.3268 |
755692 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-16 | Fisherman's Wharf near Monterey Fish Company | Non-native | 36.6039 | -121.8895 |
755693 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-06-29 | Aquaculture Floats | Non-native | 40.8283 | -124.1648 |
758749 | Light 1941, cited in Carlton 1979a | 1941 | Fruitvale Bridge, San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.7689 | -122.2301 | |
758750 | Barnard 1953 | 1951 | Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex | Non-native | 33.7632 | -118.2526 | |
758751 | Barnard 1958 | 1951 | 1951-08-17 | Los Angeles Harbor, Cerritos Channel, eastern side of Henry Ford Bridge (Station D) | Non-native | 33.7663 | -118.2393 |
758752 | Barnard 1958 | 1951 | 1951-08-17 | Long Beach Middle Harbor, at entrance to East Basin (Station G) | Non-native | 33.7521 | -118.2153 |
758753 | Barnard 1958 | 1951 | 1951-08-17 | Reeves Field Seaplane Hangar Bay (Station H) | Non-native | 33.7460 | -118.2537 |
758754 | Barnard 1958 | 1951 | 1951-08-17 | Fish Harbor Inner Breakwater (Station J) | Non-native | 33.7353 | -118.2662 |
758755 | Barnard 1958 | 1951 | 1951-08-17 | Los Angeles Harbor, Pilot Service Pier (Station N) | Non-native | 33.7215 | -118.2713 |
758756 | Barnard 1958 | 1951 | 1951-08-17 | Los Angeles Harbor, Berth 236, under Small Boat Fueling Wharf (Station P) | Non-native | 33.7370 | -118.2746 |
758757 | Barnard 1958 | 1951 | 1951-05-12 | 500 feet south of Boy Scouts of America Explorer Base (Station L) | Non-native | 33.7147 | -118.2845 |
758758 | Barnard 1958 | 1951 | 1951-12-21 | Los Angeles Harbor, Northern end of Channel (Station R) | Non-native | 33.7245 | -118.2807 |
758759 | Barnard 1958 | 1951 | 1951-06-22 | Pontoon Bridge between Terminal Island and Long Beach (Station E) | Non-native | 33.7646 | -118.2211 |
758760 | Barnard 1959b | 1952 | 1952-11-06 | Lower Newport Bay, Station 4P | Non-native | 33.5988 | -117.8826 |
758761 | Barnard 1959b | 1953 | 1953-11-29 | Lower Newport Bay, Station 5P-3 | Non-native | 33.6001 | -117.8885 |
758762 | Barnard 1959b | 1951 | 1951-11-06 | Lower Newport Bay, Station 22P | Non-native | 33.6092 | -117.9255 |
758763 | Barnard 1959b | 1951 | 1951-08-28 | Lower Newport Bay, Station 25B | Non-native | 33.6117 | -117.9228 |
758764 | Barnard 1959b | 1951 | 1951-08-28 | Lower Newport Bay, Station 27B | Non-native | 33.6202 | -117.9332 |
758765 | Barnard 1959b | 1951 | 1951-08-28 | Lower Newport Bay, Station 29B | Non-native | 33.6211 | -117.9362 |
758766 | Barnard 1959b | 1951 | 1951-07-27 | Lower Newport Bay, Station 33P-1 | Non-native | 33.6163 | -117.9052 |
758767 | Barnard 1959b | 1951 | Lower Newport Bay, Station 33P-2 | Non-native | 33.6163 | -117.9052 | |
758768 | Barnard 1959b | 1951 | 1951-11-29 | Lower Newport Bay, Station 33P-3 | Non-native | 33.6163 | -117.9052 |
758769 | Barnard 1959b | 1953 | 1953-12-20 | Newport Back Bay, Station 35S-2 | Non-native | 33.6187 | -117.9031 |
758770 | Barnard 1960 | 1960 | Corona del Mar, S of Newport Bay breakwater | Non-native | 33.5925 | -117.8775 | |
758771 | J. Chapman, pers. comm. 1978, in Carlton 1979a. | 1975 | San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.8494 | -122.3681 | |
758772 | Carlton and Hodder 1995 | 1987 | 1987-09-22 | Humboldt Bay | Non-native | 40.7864 | -124.1922 |
758773 | Carlton and Hodder 1995 | 1987 | 1987-09-25 | San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.8494 | -122.3681 |
758774 | Cohen and Carlton 1995 | 1993 | Central San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.8595 | -122.3884 | |
758775 | Cohen and Carlton 1995 | 1994 | Central San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.8595 | -122.3884 | |
758776 | Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) | 2000 | 2000-08-25 | Jack's Landing | Non-native | 34.1636 | -119.2228 |
758777 | Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) | 2000 | 2000-08-29 | Marina del Rey | Non-native | 33.9722 | -118.4522 |
758778 | Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) | 2002 | Eureka Public Marina | Non-native | 40.8033 | -124.1783 | |
758779 | Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) | 2002 | Woodley Island, West End | Non-native | 40.8070 | -124.1667 | |
758780 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2004 | 2004-05-23 | Brisbane Lagoon, San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.6862 | -122.3906 |
758781 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2004 | 2004-05-23 | Pier 39, San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.8114 | -122.4098 |
758782 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2004 | 2004-05-25 | Presidio Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.8326 | -122.4741 |
758783 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2004 | 2004-05-27 | Pete's Harbor, San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.5006 | -122.2242 |
758784 | Cohen and Chapman 2005 | 2005 | 2005-11-27 | Buoy # 12 | Non-native | 37.9134 | -122.4452 |
758785 | Cohen and Chapman 2005 | 2005 | 2005-11-27 | Buoy # 2 (CB) | Non-native | 37.8904 | -122.4176 |
758786 | Cohen and Chapman 2005 | 2005 | 2005-11-27 | Buoy # 8 | Non-native | 38.0293 | -122.3718 |
758787 | Cohen and Chapman 2005 | 2005 | 2005-11-27 | Dolphin # 11 | Non-native | 38.0530 | -122.3307 |
758788 | Cohen and Chapman 2005 | 2005 | 2005-11-27 | Dumbarton Bridge (pylon) | Non-native | 37.5031 | -122.1230 |
758789 | Cohen and Chapman 2005 | 2005 | 2005-11-27 | San Mateo Bridge (pylon) | Non-native | 37.5835 | -122.2515 |
767384 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2012 | 2012-08-15 | Tomales- Call Box 401, Bodega Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 38.1793 | -122.9104 |
767450 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-07-29 | Mission Bay Yacht Club, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 32.7778 | -117.2485 |
767469 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-08-04 | Bahia Resort Marina, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 32.7731 | -117.2478 |
767596 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-09-05 | Launch Ramp, Morro Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 35.3577 | -120.8508 |
767660 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-07-16 | Naval Base Point Loma, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 32.6886 | -117.2343 |
767699 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-07-25 | Navy Ammo Dock, Pier Bravo, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 32.6939 | -117.2276 |
767739 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-07-18 | NAB Fiddlers Cove, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 32.6524 | -117.1486 |
768028 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2012 | 2012-08-27 | Port of San Francisco Pier 31, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.8078 | -122.4060 |
768160 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2012 | 2012-09-05 | Port of Oakland, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.7987 | -122.3228 |
769084 | Ruiz et al., 2021b | 2017 | 2017-07-27 | Peter's Landing Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 33.7256 | -118.0758 |
769880 | Ruiz et al., 2021b | 2018 | 2018-08-09 | Port of LB Pier D, San Pedro Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 33.7595 | -118.2174 |
769931 | Ruiz et al., 2021b | 2018 | 2018-08-09 | Port of LB Pier D, San Pedro Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 33.7595 | -118.2174 |
769955 | Ruiz et al., 2021b | 2018 | 2018-08-08 | Port of LB Matson, San Pedro Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 33.7729 | -118.2178 |
770028 | Ruiz et al., 2021b | 2018 | 2018-08-08 | Port of LB Pier F, San Pedro Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 33.7472 | -118.2130 |
777581 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-29 | Waves-Tahiti A, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9729 | -118.4511 |
777586 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-29 | Waves-Tahiti A, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9729 | -118.4511 |
777589 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-29 | Waves-Tahiti B, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9745 | -118.4502 |
777599 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-27 | Esprit Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9757 | -118.4497 |
777602 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-27 | Esprit Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9757 | -118.4497 |
777606 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-27 | Esprit Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9757 | -118.4497 |
777610 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-27 | Neptune Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9758 | -118.4565 |
777615 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-31 | Del Rey Marina-Basin D, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9807 | -118.4505 |
777622 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-31 | Del Rey Marina-Basin E, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9825 | -118.4513 |
777624 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-31 | Del Rey Marina-Basin E, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9825 | -118.4513 |
777627 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-31 | Del Rey Marina-Basin E, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9825 | -118.4513 |
777629 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-31 | Del Rey Marina-Basin E, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9825 | -118.4513 |
777636 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-08-01 | Holiday Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9797 | -118.4549 |
777639 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-08-01 | Holiday Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9797 | -118.4549 |
777641 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-08-01 | Holiday Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA | Non-native | 33.9797 | -118.4549 |
777653 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-25 | Naval Base floating dock, Port Hueneme, California, USA | Non-native | 34.1537 | -119.2090 |
777660 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-23 | Naval Base fiberglass dock, Port Hueneme, California, USA | Non-native | 34.1477 | -119.2109 |
777664 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-23 | Naval Base fiberglass dock, Port Hueneme, California, USA | Non-native | 34.1477 | -119.2109 |
777712 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-07-20 | Port Hueneme Site 2, Port Hueneme, California, USA | Non-native | 34.1479 | -119.2022 |
777873 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2015 | 2015-09-24 | Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 37.7839 | -122.2641 |
778014 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2016 | 2016-09-07 | San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 37.8060 | -122.4428 |
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