Cryptosula pallasiana

Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1943
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1943
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:

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General Invasion History:

The bryozoan Cryptosula pallasiana was described from Europe, where it occurs from Norway to the Mediterranean and Black Seas (Ryland 1965, Hayward and Ryland 1979; Hayward and Ryland 1999). It was first collected in the Northwest Atlantic in 1855 in Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey (Leidy 1855). It is now known from the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick to the Indian River Lagoon, Florida (Maturo 1958; Winston 1977; Winston 1982). We consider it cryptogenic in the Northwest Atlantic, and also in the Northwest Pacific (Russia-Japan-Korea-China) (Zvyagintsev 1985; Huang 2001; Seo 1998). This bryozoan is common in ship fouling (Ryland 1965) and has been widely introduced to the Southwest Atlantic (Brazil-Argentina), the Northeast Pacific (Vancouver Island to San Diego), and the Southwest Pacific (Australia-New Zealand).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Cryptosula pallasiana was first recorded on the West Coast at Hunter's Point Shipyard in San Francisco Bay in 1943 (Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995), and was found at Newport Bay in 1944 (Scheer 1945, cited by Carlton 1979). It was doubtless present many years earlier in both locations (James Carlton, personal communication, 2013). It was reported from Sitka, Alaska, in 1951 (James T. Carlton, personal communication) but is only known to be established as far north as Pendrell Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Powell 1970). Currently, it occurs from either Mexico (Soule et al. 2007) or San Diego Bay (Fairey et al. 2002; Ruiz et al., unpublished data) northward, in most of the large and small harbors and bays of California including: Alamitos Bay (in 1962, Reish 1963, cited by Carlton 1979), Los Angeles Harbor (in 1965, Banta 1970, cited by Carlton 1979), Morro Bay (in 2001, Fairey et al. 2002), Monterey Bay (before 1952, Osburn 1952, cited by Calton 1979), Elkhorn Slough (in 1998, Wasson et al. 2001), Tomales Bay (in 2000, Fairey et al. 2002), Bodega Harbor (before 1975, Standing 1975, cited by Carlton 1979, in 2000, Fairey et al. 2002), Fort Bragg Harbor (in 2000, Fairey et al. 2002), and Humboldt Bay (in 2000, Boyd et al. 2002). None of these newer records reflect recent expansion of the species, but rather simply a lack of prior reporting (James Carlton, personal communication, 2013). 

Further north along the coast, Cryptosula pallasiana occurs in Coos Bay, Oregon (in 1988, Carlton 1989; Wonham and Carlton 2005), Grays Harbor (McCain and Ross 1974); Puget Sound (Cohen et al. 1998), Padilla Bay (in 2003, de Rivera et al. 2005), and as noted above, Pendrell Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Powell 1970).

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

In the Southwest Atlantic, Cryptosula pallasiana was reported from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil by Marcus (1942). It was reported from Argentina in 1978, from Puerto Belgrano and Quequén (Orensanz et al. 2002, Gappa 2000). In the Southeast Atlantic, it was collected in Table Bay Harbor, South Africa in 1947 (Mead et al. 2011b). In the Southwest Pacific, C. pallasiana was first collected in Australian waters (Port Phillip Bay, Australia) in 1890 (Keough and Ross 1999), and in New Zealand in 1895 at Wanganui, Napier and Dunedin, New Zealand (Cranfield et al. 1998). In New Zealand, it now occurs 'at almost every port' (Gordon and Mawatari 1992). In Australia, it occurs in the Gulf of St. Vincent, Port Phillip and Westernport Bays, and Sydney Harbor (Keough and Ross 1999), and also in Queensland and Western Australia (Hewitt 2002). We note again that more than one species may be involved in these many records. 

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Description

Cryptosula pallasiana forms encrusting colonies, which may be white, pink or orange, and sometimes rise into frills. They can encrust shells and ‘almost any hard substrate’ (Winston 1982). The zooids are oval to rectangular or hexagonal, steeply convex, and separated by deep grooves, giving a beaded appearance to the colony surface. The colonies are ~ 600-1,000 µm X 350-500 µm in size. The primary orifice is bell-shaped, occupying 1/3 to 1/2 of the frontal surface of the zooid. The frontal shield is thickly calcified, and has ~10 to 30 pores, decreasing in number and relative size as the zooids age, but devleoping rough, bumpy rims. A swelling develops below the orifice in older zooids, sometimes with an avicularium (rare or absent at some locations). The embryos are orange and conspicuous, brooded in ovisacs within zooids (description from: Maturo 1958; Winston 1982; Hayward and Ryland 1990; Gordon and Mawatari 1992; Winston and Hayward 2012).

This 'species' probably comprises a global species complex, 'possibly involving a combination of regional endemic species, upon which ship-fouling introductions have been added' , (Mead et al. 2011b), thus complicating interpretation of its status in much of the world..

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Taxonomy

Ecology

General:

Life History- Cryptosula pallasiana is an encrusting, calcified bryozoan colony composed of many individual zooids. The zooids feed by extending the ciliated tentacles of the lophophore as a funnel, creating a current, and driving food particles into their mouths. The food is guided along the tentacles and through the pharynx by the cilia. The food is guided along the tentacles and through the pharynx by the cilia. Larger food particles can be moved or captured by flicking or contracting the tentacles (Barnes 1983). Larvae of C. pallasiana are lecithotrophic, and have a short planktonic period (less than 1 day, Hayward and Ryland 1999). Larvae settle on a substrate and metamorphose into the first zooid of a colony, an ancestrula (Barnes 1983).

Ecology- Cryptosula pallasiana is tolerant of brackish water (Winston 1977; Occhipinti Ambrogi and d'Hondt 1981) and is known from eelgrass beds, oyster beds, pilings, shells, rocks, floats and ships' hulls (Ryland 1965; Winston 1982; Hayward and Ryland 1999).

Food:

Phytoplankton

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

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Habitats

General Habitat	Grass Bed	None
General Habitat	Coarse Woody Debris	None
General Habitat	Oyster Reef	None
General Habitat	Marinas & Docks	None
General Habitat	Rocky	None
General Habitat	Vessel Hull	None
Salinity Range	Polyhaline	18-30 PSU
Salinity Range	Euhaline	30-40 PSU
Tidal Range	Subtidal	None
Vertical Habitat	Epibenthic	None

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Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Maximum Temperature (ºC)	24.7	Field, US East & West Coast marinas (Lord et al. 2015)
Minimum Salinity (‰)	19	Field data: Coastal lagoons, Italy (Occhipinti Ambrogi and d'Hondt 1981).
Maximum Salinity (‰)	38	Typical Mediterranean Sea salinity
Broad Temperature Range	None	Cold temperate-Warm temperate
Broad Salinity Range	None	Polyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Cryptosula pallasiana is a common species in ship and dock fouling communities (Ryland 1965; Zvyagintsev 1985); however, there are no economic and ecological impacts reported for this bryozoan.

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