Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1944
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1944
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:

General Invasion History:

Sargassum muticum was first described from Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, by Yendo in 1907. Its native range extends from the East China Sea (China and South Korea) to the coasts of Japan and the north shore of Hokkaido, and the Sakhalin and Kurile Islands, Russia (Critichley 1983b; Eneglen et al. 2015). It is introduced in the Eastern Pacific and Eastern Atlantic and genetic studies indicate that these populations probably originated from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan (Cheang et al. 2010). In North America, S. muticum was first introduced to Vancouver Island, British Columbia, where it was discovered in 1944, probably introduced with Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from Japan. By 1977, it had spread north to Ketchikan, Alaska (Scagel et al. 1956; Scagel et al. 1989). The pattern of spread/discovery to the south was rather jumpy, with first records in Coos Bay, Oregon in 1947; Mission Bay, California (CA) in 1959; San Francisco Bay, CA in 1963; and Los Angeles, CA in 1973. By the 2000s it had colonized most of the Pacific coast of Baja California (Scagel et al. 1956; Scagel et al. 1989; Engelen et al. 2015). In Europe, it was first collected in Southeast England in 1971 and rapidly spread north and south, reaching Norway by 1988, Spain by 1985, and Morocco by 2012 (Farnham 1980; Runess 1989; Fernandez et al. 1990; Sabour et al. 2013). In 1980, it was first collected in lagoons on the Mediterranean coast of France and by 1992 it was established in the Lagoon of Venice (Knoepfller-Peguy et al. 1985; Curiel et al. 1998), but its distribution in the Mediterranean Sea remains localized (Engelen et al. 2015; Thibaut et al. 2015). The large size of this seaweed, its rapid spread, and high abundances in many locations, have led to the extensive study of its ecology and impacts (Engelen et al. 2015).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Sargassum muticum was first collected on the West Coast of North America, at White Rock and Buccaneer Bay, north of Vancouver, British Columbia in 1944, in sites where Pacific Oysters where cultivated. It was initially mistaken for the native seaweed Cytoseira geminata. By 1952, it was found at many sites in the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound, including the San Juan Islands and the Strait of Juan de Fuca (Scagel 1956). The pattern of discovery along the coast of Oregon and Washington suggests several independent introductions with oyster transplants, with subsequent spread by drifting weed and fouled boats. It was found in Willapa Bay, Washington in 1953; Oceanside Beach (near Tillamook Bay), Oregon, in 1951; and Coos Bay, OR in 1947 (Scagel 1956). Spread to the north was slower, but it was found near Ketchikan, Alaska in 1974-1977 (Scagel et al. 1989; Engelen et al. 2015; University of Alaska Southeast Herbarium 2016), and Haida Gwaii, British Columbia in 1981 (Sloan and Bartier 2004).

The first record of S. muticum in California is a report of its occurrence in Mission Bay, San Diego in 1958, which looks like a sudden jump (Stewart 1991), possibly by ship transport. Other records are consistent with a progressive march to the south: Crescent City Harbor in 1963 (Norton 1981, Cohen 2005); Humboldt Bay in 1965 (Dawson 1965, cited by Boyd et al. 2002); Tomales Bay and San Francisco Bay in 1973 (Cohen and Carlton 1995); Monterey Bay in 1977 (Carlton et al. 1996; Cohen 2005); Santa Barbara in 1977 (Cohen 2005); Los Angeles in 1973; (Norton 1981); and San Diego Bay in 1969 (Cohen 2005). The rapid spread is surprising, since S. muticum requires sheltered waters for establishment (Norton 1981). By 1973, it was already established in Ensenada, Mexico (Norton 1981) and by 1984 it had reached Punta Abreojos, Baja California, Mexico (Espinosa 1990). Overall, in 70 years since its invasion on the West coast, it has colonized ~30 degrees of latitude and a span of 4000 km of coastline (Engelen et al. 2015).

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

In the Northeast Atlantic, S. muticum was first found on Portsea Island, Portsmouth, England in 1971, and rapidly spread through the Solent, between the south coast of England and the Isle of Wight (Farnham 1980). It colonized the French side of the English Channel by 1977 (Gruet 1977, cited by Farnham 1980). This seaweed reached the Netherlands by 1980, the German portion of the Wadden Sea by 1983 (Buschbaum et al. 2012), and the western mouth of the Limfjord, Denmark, by 1984 (Staer et al. 2000). Sargassum muticum colonized the Kattegat in Denmark and Sweden, the westernmost portion of the Baltic Sea, in 1993-1996, probably reaching the lower limit of its salinity tolerance (Karlsson and Loo 1999; Thomsen et al. 2007). Moving north, S. muticum spread into Norwegian and Swedish waters of the Skaggerak in 1987-1988 (Rueness 1989; Karsson and Loo 1999) and north up the west coast of Norway, to Bergen in 1989 (Hopkins 202) and Sogn og Fjordane (Bjærke and Fredriksen 2005). To the south, this seaweed reached Roscoff, at the tip of Brittany in 1980 (Belsher and Pommellec 1988), and reached the Basque Province of Spain by 1985 (Fernandez et al. 1990), and Portugal by 1989 (Chainho et al. 2015). In 2012, S. muticum was collected at several sites on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. The southernmost was Oualidia at 32°N (Sabour et al. 2013). In ~40 years, S. muticum has spread over 39 degrees of latitude and a 5600 km span of coastline (Engelen et al. 2015).

In contrast with its spread on the West Coasts of Europe and North America, Sargassum muticum's spread in the Mediterranean has been limited, spotty, and punctuated by extinctions. In 1985-1990, S. muticum was found in 14 lagoons on the French Mediterranean Coast, but in surveys in 2012 established populations were found in only four lagoons (Thibaut et al. 2015). In 1992, established populations of the seaweed were found in the Venice Lagoon. Dense populations occur on wharves and breakwaters (Curiel et al. 1998). Sargassum muticum was found in a lagoon on the east coast of Corsica, but was not seen in later surveys (Thibaut et al. 2015). Some floating specimens of this seaweed have been found in the open Mediterranean off Spain, but S. muticum has only become established in lagoons with limited exchange (Engelen et al. 2015).

Culture of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) has been the initial vector for the three major invasions of S. muticum in the Northeast Pacific and Atlantic, and the Mediterranean (Scagel 1956; Farnham 1980; Knoepffler-Peguy et al. 1985). Regional and local dispersal could occur by hull fouling of commercial ships or recreational boats and by the natural dispersal of floating mats of seaweed (Engelen et al. 2015).


Description

Sargassum muticum usually grows upright in the water column, attached by a solid, conical, spongy holdfast about 50 mm across. The holdfast gives rise to a tapered axis up to 50 mm in height. In young plants, leaves, up to 200 mm long, arise from the main axis. These basal leaves have a well-defined mid-rib. In older plants, the main axis may branch, making the plant bushier. Lateral shoots grow off the main axis in spirals with scale-like triangular leaves at the base, which protect the growing bud. The main axis is perennial, while the lateral shoots die off after the growing season. Primary lateral stems are cord-like, usually growing to 1-3 m, but sometimes 6-10 m. In populations on the West Coast of Ireland, mature plants had 40-100 primary lateral branches (Baer and Stengel 2010), while a population in the Netherlands had 1-16 (Critchley et al. 1987). Secondary lateral stems arise off the primary laterals, branching off in the axil of a leaf. As the lateral stems grow, they become twisted due to water movement. Leaves from the primary and secondary laterals, produced in the winter, are small, less than 200 mm long, thick, and have a weak mid-rib. During the summer, the fronds become fertile and the new leaves are thinner, narrow, and lacking a midrib. They have an uneven outline, resembling holly leaves. The lateral branches bear air-bladders and reproductive receptacles in the axils of the leaves. The air-bladders are spherical to pear-shaped, on stalks, about 3 mm in diameter. The receptacles vary in shape from elliptical to cylindrical to spindle-shaped and are usually 20--30 mm long (sometimes up to 60 mm). The plants are yellow-green to olive-brown. This description is based on: Abbott and Hollenberg 1976; Critchley 1983a; Cohen 2005; and Engelen et al. 2015.

Sargassum muticum is one of several similar species known in Japan, and its taxonomic history is complex. It was initially described as a variety of S. kjellmanianum, which is now regarded as a synonym of S. miyabe (Critchley 1983b; Cheang et al. 2010; Engelen et al. 2015). The genetic diversity of introduced populations in North America and Europe is low and all populations are close to S. muticum populations from western and central Japan (Cheang et al. 2010).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Plantae
Phylum:   Phaeophycophyta
Class:   Phaeophyceae
Order:   Fucales
Family:   Sargassaceae
Genus:   Sargassum
Species:   muticum

Synonyms

Sargassum kjellmanianum f. muticum (Yendo, 1907)
Sargassum muticum (None, None)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Cytoseira geminata
Native Northeast Pacific form, morphological details given by Scagel (1956)

Sargassum horneri
Northwest Pacific species, introduced to southern California and Mexico

Sargassum miyabei
Northwest Pacific species, morphological details given by Critchley (1983)

Ecology

General:

Sargassum muticum is monoecious and mature plants produce receptacles, which contain both male and female conceptacles for the production of sperm and eggs (Bold and Wynne 1978; Engelen et al. 2015). Receptacles can constitute 24-55% of the plant's biomass, but this reproductive output is fairly typical for fucoid seaweeds (Engelen et al. 2015). Gamete release is synchronized in a semilunar, 14-day cycle, with release peaking at the full and new moons, just after spring tides (Engelen et al. 2008; Engelen et al. 2015), though with some variation with local cues (Monteiro et al. 2009b). Eggs are fertilized in the receptacles, but are retained, attached to the receptacle surface for a few days and are then released as germlings that sink quickly. The propagules usually settle within a few meters of the parents, but can be found up to 1.3 km away. They could potentially disperse over longer distances, since they retain the ability to settle for 49 days (Deysher and Norton 1982). Each receptacle releases ~ 300 propagules and a small plant can release up to 500,000 propagules (Norton and Deysher 1989, cited by Engelen et al. 2015). The fertilized zygotes average about 0.25 mm in diameter (Deysher and Norton 1982). Germlings have comparatively large, basal leaves, with developing lateral axes (Critchley 1983a). Breeding seasons vary geographically, peaking in spring-summer in Northern Europe and Northwestern North America, but with a longer season at southern locations such as Portugal, southern California, and Mexico (Deysher 1984; Aguilar-Rosas and Galindo 1990; Engelen et al. 2015). After releasing their propagules, adult plants lose their fronds and disintegrate, except for the perennial holdfast, which gives rise to new fronds in the next growing season (Critchley 1983a; Engelen et al. 2015). This dormant period is usually in autumn in the northern part of the range, but occurs in summer-fall in southern Portugal, California, and the Venice Lagoon (Deysher 1984; Sfriso and Facca 2013; Engelen et al. 2015).

Sargassum muticum grows over a wide latitudinal range, from cold-temperate to subtropical conditions, from temperatures below 0°C in Sweden (Karlsson and Loo 1999) to 30°C in the Venice Lagoon (Sfriso and Facca 2013). In the laboratory, germlings survived at salinities as low as 6.8 PSU, but with minimal growth (Hales and Fletcher 1989; Karlson and Loo 1999; Steen 2004; Thomsen et al. 2007). Germlings are more sensitive to temperature and salinity than adult plants and grow successfully between 15 and 25°C and 15-35 PSU (Hales and Fletcher 1989; Steen 2004). Early germlings (2 weeks old) showed increasing growth at 9 to 44 µE m-3s-1 and had decreased growth at 88 µE m-3s-1, while older germlings grew well at 18 to 88 µE m-3s-1, and were more tolerant of high light (Hales and Fletcher 1989). Sargassum muticum is not a good competitor at low light and has a strategy of growing fast to form a canopy in shallow water. It can adjust its pattern of growth and branching according to the density of its neighbors, permitting it to form very dense populations (Engelen et al. 2015).

In its native range in Asia, S. muticum occurs on rocky shores from the lower intertidal to 4 m depth and is not known as an aggressive colonizer of artificial structures (Engelen et al. 2015). It is generally associated with sheltered locations. Plants transplanted to exposed locations suffered increased breakage and lower growth rates (Viejo et al. 1995). In invaded habitats, it occurs on pilings, floats, marinas, in canals, aquaculture cages, marinas, breakwaters, oyster beds, and eelgrass beds (Belsher and Pommellec 1988; den Hartog 1997; Harries 2007; Kraan 2008; Engelen et al. 2015). In Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland, S. muticum has colonized soft-sediment habitats by 'stone-walking' on rock fragments and shells and spreading by water movements (Strong et al. 2006). Adult plants, dislodged by waves or disturbance, or fragments of degenerating plants with fertile receptacles, form floating mats (Norton 1981). Sargassum muticum, like other fucoid seaweeds, produces organic compounds for chemical defense against microbes, epiphytes, and grazers. Phenolic compounds are greatest during the reproductive period, possibly for protection of the receptacles (Plouguerne et al. 2006; Plougerne et al. 2008). In spite of these compounds, S. muticum supports a dense community of epiphytes and epifauna, and is grazed by a variety of invertebrates, with varying degrees of preference (Norton and Benson 1983; Monteiro et al. 2009; Strong et al. 2009; Baer & Stengel 2010; Cacabelos et al. 2010; Gestoso et al. 2010).

Consumers:

snails, amphipods, sea urchins

Competitors:

Native seaweeds, seagrasses

Trophic Status:

Primary Producer

PrimProd

Habitats

General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatRockyNone
General HabitatOyster ReefNone
General HabitatGrass BedNone
General HabitatCanalsNone
General HabitatUnstructured BottomNone
Salinity RangeMesohaline5-18 PSU
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Tidal RangeLow IntertidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone
Vertical HabitatLittoralNone

Life History


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Temperature (ºC)0Field observations, Sweden (Karlsson and Loo 1999)
Maximum Temperature (ºC)30Highest tested, lab experiments (Hales and Fletcher 1989)
Minimum Salinity (‰)10Lab experiments- Growth greatly reduced compared to 27-34 PSU (Hales and Fletcher 1989)
Maximum Salinity (‰)35Highest tested, lab experiments (Hales and Fletcher 1989)
Minimum Reproductive Temperature15Experimental (Kerrison and Le 2016)
Maximum Reproductive Temperature25Experimental (Kerrison and Le 2016)
Minimum Reproductive Salinity20Minimum for fertilization. Germlings can tolerate brief exposure to 5 PSU, especially in 2nd and 3rd weeks after fertilization (Steen 1984)
Maximum Reproductive Salinity40Experimental, germlings in receptacle (Kerrison and Le2016)
Minimum Length (mm)300Moyrus, Ireland, stunted plants at exposed site, but 100% fertile (Baer and Stengel 2010)
Maximum Length (mm)10,000Engelen et al. 2015
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Warm temperate
Broad Salinity RangeNoneMesohaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Sargassum muticum is one of many Sargassum species in its native Asian range, and is not especially prominent or aggressive there. In the Northeast Pacific and Northeast Atlantic, however, it has spread rapidly along coastlines and has become a major component of algal communities (Engelen et al. 2015). Economic impacts to beach use, boating, power plants, fisheries, and aquaculture, were reported in the early years of the invasion in England and France. These impacts led to a number of unsuccessful eradication attempts (Critchley et al. 1986; Belsher and Pommellec 1989). Ecological impacts of S. muticum have been extensively studied, particularly along the coasts of northern Europe, northern Spain and Portugal, and the San Juan Islands, in northern Puget Sound, Washington. These include competition for space, light, and nutrients, alterations of habitat and associated epibiota, and effects on grazers (Schaffelke and Hewitt 2007; Engelen et al. 2015).

Economic Impacts

Early accounts of the spread of Sargassum muticum on the West Coast of North America (Scagel 1956; Norton 1981) make no mention of adverse economic impacts. A later survey, focused on Sargassum horneri and Undaria pinnatifida refers to S.muticum as 'naturalized' and does not refer to economic impacts (Kaplanis et al. 2016). In Southeastern England and Atlantic France, extensive impacts, including fouling of boats, fishing nets, aquaculture equipment, and power plant intakes, was reported, together with large floating mats in nearshore waters and rotting masses piling up on beaches (Critchley et al. 1986; Belsher and Pommellec 1988). In 1974-1975, an eradication was attempted in England with large volunteer groups, hand-picking intertidal plants. The volunteers collected 31 metric tons, but missed germlings and juvenile plants and eradication was found to be impractical. Trawls, cutting machines, and suction machines were tested as alternatives to hand-picking, but considered un-economical. Sargassum muticum was considered unsuitable for industrial and food products (Critchley et al. 1986), although it is eaten in Korea. A recent review of potential economic uses found that use of 'wild' plants in Europe for biofuel, food, or fertilizer was unsafe because of the accumulation of heavy metals and high ash content. However, S. muticum contains fucoxanthins, antioxidants, and other compounds of pharmaceutical interest (Milledge et al. 2106).

Ecological Impacts

Competition- Interactions between S. muticum and native biota, in many different marine communities have been studied, including rocky shores, tidepools, kelp beds, seagrass meadows, and soft-bottom communities (Schaffelke and Hewitt 2007; Engelen et al. 2008). Competitive interactions have been especially noted with the algae of the closely related perennial genera Cytoseira and Halidrys spp. Sargassum’s semi-perennial life-style, dying back to the holdfast, in unfavorable seasons may be a competitive advantage. In Portugal, its dying fronds denied space to C. humlis (Engelen and Santos 2009). In Denmark, S. muticum outgrew Halidrys siliqua, possibly because it did not need to invest in structural strength for winter survival (Wernberg et al. 2000). Sargassum muticum's bushy growth form and buoyant branches permit it to form a canopy and shut out light and occupy space during the most favorable time for growth (Curiel et al. 1998; Britton-Simmons 2004; Harries et al. 2007; Salvaterra et al. 2013). However, S. muticum often seems to require disturbance to invade established communities (de Wreede 1983, cited by Schaffelke and Hewitt 2007; Strong and Dring 2011; Bertocci et al. 2014). Sargassum muticum invaded rocky areas off California and in the San Juan Islands after die-offs or experimental removal of kelps (Ambrose and Nelson 1982; Britton-Simmons and Abbott 2008).

Habitat Change- When S. muticum replaces native seaweeds and seagrasses, it can alter the structure of native habitats. In many cases, S. muticum supports a similar or a more abundant and diverse epiphytic and epifaunal community than the native flora (Viejo 1999; Buschbaum et al. 2006; Engelen et al. 2015). Its ability to colonize bare, soft substrate by 'stone-walking' on shells and stones, and to colonize Eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds greatly increases the structural complexity of these habitats (den Hartog 1997; Strong et al. 2011; DeAmicis et al. 2015). It is used as habitat by fishes, crustaceans, and cuttlefish (Engelen et al. 2015; Stiger-Pouvreau and Thouzeau 2015).

Food/Prey- Herbivores vary considerably in their response to S. muticum. Strong avoidance was noted for sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) in northern Puget Sound (Britton-Simmons 2004) and Psammechinus miliaris in Denmark (Pedersen et al. 2005). Other grazers showed lesser levels of avoidance, or no preference (Monteiro et al. 2009; Cacabelos et al. 2010; Engelen et al. 2011). Some grazers appear to feed heavily on S. muticum, such as the amphipod Dexamine spinosa in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland (Strong et al. 2009), and the snail Lacuna vincta in Northern Puget Sound. The latter seems to have developed its preference in the last 30 years (Britton-Simmons et al. 2011). In many of the systems where it has been studied, S. muticum seems to be under light grazing pressure (Norton and Benson 1983; Pedersen et al. 2005; Monteiro et al. 2009; Cacabelos et al. 2010; Engelen et al. 2011; Mabey et al. 2022). However, because of its rapid growth, large biomass, and seasonal die-offs, it is a major contributor to primary production in many intertidal and subtidal systems, and to subtidal detritus and intertidal wrack (Rossi et al. 2009; Olabarria et al. 2010; Vaz-Pinto et al. 2014; Engelen et al. 2015).


Regional Impacts

NEP-VIPt. Conception to Southern Baja CaliforniaEcological ImpactCompetition
Sargassum muticum colonized Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) beds on Bird Rock, off Catalina Island, after a die-off, possibly caused by high water temperatures during El Nino. Shading by Sargassum muticum probably inhibited recolonization by the kelp. After experimental removal, the kelp recolonized the cleared areas (Ambrose and Nelson 1982). Several years later, Giant Kelp did recolonize Bird Rock (Foster & Schiel 1992, cited by Engelen et al. 2015). Removal experiments in tidepools at Little Corona del Mar in Newport Beach in southern California, showed little effect level, pool temperature, seaweed biomass and community composition, or faunal composition. Recovery of S. muticum populations was rapid (Smith 2016).
P058_CDA_P058 (San Pedro Channel Islands)Ecological ImpactCompetition
Sargassum muticum colonized Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) beds on Bird Rock, off Catalina Island, after a die-off, possibly caused by high water temperatures during El Nino. Shading by Sargassum muticum probably inhibited recolonization by the kelp. After experimental removal, the kelp recolonized the cleared areas (Ambrose and Nelson 1982). Several years later, Giant Kelp did recolonize Bird Rock (Foster & Schiel 1992, cited by Engelen et al. 2015).
P040Newport BayEcological ImpactCompetition
Removal experiments in tidepools at Little Corona del Mar in Newport Beach in southern California, showed little effect level, pool temperature, seaweed biomass and community composition, or faunal composition. Recovery of S. muticum populations was rapid (Smith 2016).
P090San Francisco BayEcological ImpactHabitat Change
In field cage experiments, juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawystcha) were reared in several habitats, bare sand, Eelgrass (Zostera marina, Sargassum muticum and mixed Eelgrass-Sargassum. Growth was best in the mixed habitat, suggesting that habitat variety is important (Hughes et al. 2020).
NEP-VNorthern California to Mid Channel IslandsEcological ImpactHabitat Change
In field cage experiments, juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawystcha) were reared in several habitats, bare sand, Eelgrass (Zostera marina, Sargassum muticum and mixed Eelgrass-Sargassum. Growth was best in the mixed habitat, suggesting that habitat variety is important (Hughes et al. 2020).
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactCompetition
Sargassum muticum colonized Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) beds on Bird Rock, off Catalina Island, after a die-off, possibly caused by high water temperatures during El Nino. Shading by Sargassum muticum probably inhibited recolonization by the kelp. After experimental removal, the kelp recolonized the cleared areas (Ambrose and Nelson 1982). Several years later, Giant Kelp did recolonize Bird Rock (Foster & Schiel 1992, cited by Engelen et al. 2015)., Removal experiments in tidepools at Little Corona del Mar in Newport Beach in southern California, showed little effect level, pool temperature, seaweed biomass and community composition, or faunal composition. Recovery of S. muticum populations was rapid (Smith 2016).
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactHabitat Change
In field cage experiments, juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawystcha) were reared in several habitats, bare sand, Eelgrass (Zostera marina, Sargassum muticum and mixed Eelgrass-Sargassum. Growth was best in the mixed habitat, suggesting that habitat variety is important (Hughes et al. 2020)., In field cage experiments, juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawystcha) were reared in several habitats, bare sand, Eelgrass (Zostera marina, Sargassum muticum and mixed Eelgrass-Sargassum. Growth was best in the mixed habitat, suggesting that habitat variety is important (Hughes et al. 2020).

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P023 _CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido) 2011 Def Estab
P040 Newport Bay 2011 Def Estab
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 2011 Def Estab
P060 Santa Monica Bay 2004 Def Estab
P056 _CDA_P056 (Los Angeles) 2004 Def Estab
P076 _CDA_P076 (Carmel) 1977 Def Estab
P080 Monterey Bay 1977 Def Estab
P065 _CDA_P065 (Santa Barbara Channel) 1977 Def Estab
P069 _CDA_P069 (Central Coastal) 1973 Def Estab
P050 San Pedro Bay 1973 Def Estab
P093 _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) 1973 Def Estab
P110 Tomales Bay 1973 Def Estab
P090 San Francisco Bay 1973 Def Estab
P027 _CDA_P027 (Aliso-San Onofre) 1971 Def Estab
P022 _CDA_P022 (San Diego) 1970 Def Estab
P058 _CDA_P058 (San Pedro Channel Islands) 1970 Def Estab
P020 San Diego Bay 1969 Def Estab
P130 Humboldt Bay 1965 Def Estab
P143 _CDA_P143 (Smith) 1963 Def Estab
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1963 Def Estab
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 1959 Def Estab
P030 Mission Bay 1959 Def Estab
NEP-IV Puget Sound to Northern California 1947 Def Estab

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
697399 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Old Arcata dock pilings Def 40.8415 -124.1080
697416 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Newport Bay Harbor Entrance Def 33.5974 -117.8798
697463 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-30 Pilot's Dock at Pier F Def 33.7472 -118.2156
697617 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-11-16 Alcatraz Def 37.8253 -122.4223
697618 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-11-05 Alcatraz Def 37.8253 -122.4223
697665 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Gunther Island South Def 40.8223 -124.1413
697718 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-07-07 Tiburon Def 37.8883 -122.4445
697759 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 San Diego Bay Commercial Fishing Fleet Def 32.7109 -117.1739
697829 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Berkeley Marina Def 37.8676 -122.3172
697875 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 South Jetty, southeast corner, bay side Def 40.7450 -124.2270
697900 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Oyster lease by Mad River Slough, south Def 40.8464 -124.1394
697914 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Port of Oakland Office Def 37.7954 -122.2804
697949 Silva 1979; University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1973 1973-10-25 Berkeley Yacht Harbor Entrance Def 37.8665 -122.3181
697999 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-24 Fruitvale Bridge, San Francisco Bay Def 37.7690 -122.2296
698239 Introduced Species Study 2004 2004-11-12 Diablo Canyon Def 35.2125 -120.8601
698241 Introduced Species Study 2008 2008-01-20 Diablo Canyon Def 35.2125 -120.8601
698247 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-23 Pier 39, San Francisco Bay Def 37.8114 -122.4098
698409 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-25 Presidio Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay Def 37.8326 -122.4741
698426 Silva 1979 1979 Fort Baker, San Francisco Bay Def 37.8331 -122.4759
698666 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Marine Terminal (Paco) Def 32.6584 -117.1191
698672 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 Marine Terminal (Paco) Def 32.6584 -117.1191
698845 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-13 Guest Dock Def 33.2091 -117.3947
698963 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Dana Inn Marina Def 32.7671 -117.2362
699195 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Eureka boat ramp and dock Def 40.8084 -124.1543
699202 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-10-10 Pleasure Pier Def 33.3440 -118.3247
699399 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-13 Coyote Point Def 37.5920 -122.3210
699400 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-07-06 Coyote Point Def 37.5920 -122.3210
699511 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Indian Island West three Def 40.8171 -124.1739
699605 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 Bulk Carrier Terminal Def 32.6969 -117.1526
699717 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Seaforth Def 32.7621 -117.2365
699759 Silva 1979 1979 Sausalito, San Francisco Bay Def 37.8616 -122.4846
699799 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Coronado Wharf Def 32.6992 -117.1684
699918 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-10 Mission Bay Epifaunal 04 Def 32.7671 -117.2361
700161 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-26 Commercial Fishing Fleet Dock Def 34.1482 -119.2020
700166 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-08 Commercial Fishing Fleet Dock Def 34.1482 -119.2020
700227 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-06 The Tuna Club Def 33.3461 -118.3268
700228 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-10-10 The Tuna Club Def 33.3461 -118.3268
700349 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Samoa parking lot, old and new boat ramp Def 40.7719 -124.2123
700565 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Coast Guard Cove, south side Def 40.7631 -124.2197
700850 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 Harbor Island Marina Def 32.7266 -117.2128
701063 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-21 Middle of the Slough Def 36.8112 -121.7793
701375 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-30 Impound Marina Def 33.7639 -118.2444
701391 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Oceanside Commercial Fishing Dock Def 33.2057 -117.3897
701416 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Derelict Graveyard Def 32.6477 -117.1269
701988 Silva 1979 1963 Crescent City [Harbor] Def 41.7459 -124.1910
702000 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 America's Cup Harbor Def 32.7239 -117.2240
702202 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Chula Vista Marina Def 32.6225 -117.1023
702272 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Gunther Island North Def 40.8199 -124.1492
702303 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-13 Ayala Cove Def 37.8680 -122.4350
702304 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-19 Ayala Cove Def 37.8680 -122.4350
702524 Josselyn and West 1985 1985 Tiburon Peninsula (near Romberg Tiburon Center) Def 37.8941 -122.4503
702543 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-11-07 Point La Jolla Def 32.8437 -117.2810
702544 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-01-25 Point La Jolla Def 32.8437 -117.2810
702550 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-29 Eureka Boat Launch Def 40.8040 -124.1766
702878 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-26 Fiddler's Cove Def 32.6519 -117.1494
703055 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 San Diego Bay Cruise Ship Terminal Def 32.7168 -117.1759
703056 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 San Diego Bay Cruise Ship Terminal Def 32.7168 -117.1759
703100 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 Switzer Creek Def 32.7043 -117.1615
703121 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Riprap in front of Coast Guard station Def 40.7667 -124.2172
703193 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Ballast Point Def 32.6861 -117.2348
703285 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-12 China Camp Def 38.0025 -122.4617
703297 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Riprap 500 m north of Coast Guard Station Def 40.7699 -124.2155
703301 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-08 Yerba Buena Def 37.8146 -122.3712
703339 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-07-16 Point Dume Def 34.0087 -118.7938
703340 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-04-05 Point Dume Def 34.0087 -118.7938
703341 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-01-22 Point Dume Def 34.0087 -118.7938
703355 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 Coronado Cays Def 32.6274 -117.1329
703662 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 SIO Nimitz Marine Facility Def 32.7078 -117.2368
703832 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Woodley Island northeast Def 40.8081 -124.1591
703843 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 Shelter Island Marina Def 32.7180 -117.2255
704109 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Coast Guard Island Def 37.7812 -122.2457
704149 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-07-18 Dana Point - Outer Coast Def 33.4602 -117.7150
704150 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-01-23 Dana Point - Outer Coast Def 33.4602 -117.7150
704152 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Elk River Slough, railroad trestle Def 40.7564 -124.1947
704199 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-07-17 Point Fermin Def 33.7063 -118.2873
704200 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-02-08 Point Fermin Def 33.7063 -118.2873
704329 Introduced Species Study 2004 2004-10-14 Arroyo Hondo Def 34.4603 -120.0753
704392 Silva 1979; University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1975 1975-11-16 Yerba Buena Island, E side Def 37.8125 -122.3607
704442 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-01-24 Point Loma Def 32.6660 -117.2444
704444 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-11-08 Point Loma Def 32.6660 -117.2444
704539 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-12-11 Pin Rock Def 33.4275 -118.5071
704540 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-12-10 Pin Rock Def 33.4275 -118.5071
704541 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-02-09 Pin Rock Def 33.4275 -118.5071
761336 Josselyn and West 1985 1985 Twin Sisters Def 37.9886 -122.4424
761337 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1990 Robert W. Crown Memorial State Beach, Alameda, San Francisco Bay Def 37.7681 -122.2768
761338 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1991 Robert W. Crown Memorial State Beach, Alameda, San Francisco Bay Def 37.7681 -122.2768
761339 Ambrose and Nelson 1982 1977 E end of Bird Rock, near Big Fisherman's Cove, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4513 -118.4869
761340 Deysher and Norton 1982 1974 Santa Barbara Harbor Def 34.4057 -119.6913
761341 Deysher and Norton 1982 1974 Mission Bay Def 32.7791 -117.2288
761342 Kaplanis et al. 2016 2012 2012-01-15 Mission Point, Mission Bay Def 32.7622 -117.2460
761343 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1974 1974-07-21 Berkeley Yacht Harbor Entrance Def 37.8665 -122.3181
761344 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1989 1989-07-10 Coyote Point Def 37.5902 -122.3254
761345 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1988 1988-02-12 Wilson's Cove, San Clemente Island Def 33.0064 -118.5573
761346 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1984 1984-05-20 Ironbound Bay, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4472 -118.5736
761347 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1984 1984-05-19 Starlight Reef, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4752 -118.5889
761348 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1985 1985-09-26 Area Alpha, San Nicolas Island Def 33.2935 -119.5230
761349 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1983 1983-11-11 Northwest Harbor, San Clemente Island Def 33.0300 -118.5875
761350 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1985 1985-07-23 Little Scorpion Cove, Santa Cruz Island Def 34.0443 -119.5445
761351 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1990 1990-12-02 Berkeley Yacht Harbor Def 37.8665 -122.3181
761352 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1984 1984-08-29 Dana Point Harbor (southern shore of central island) Def 33.4609 -117.7011
761353 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1972 1972-06-25 Newport Harbor (off the Irvine House) Def 33.6030 -117.8841
761354 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1997 1997-05-08 Point Richmond, between Keller Beach and Cypress Point Def 37.9212 -122.3877
761355 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1997 1997-05-24 W side of Yerba Buena Island, at juncture with Treasure Island Def 37.8137 -122.3715
761356 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1973 1973-10-10 Berkeley Yacht Harbor Entrance Def 37.8665 -122.3181
761357 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2002 2002-02-13 Bay Farm Island Def 37.7481 -122.2315
761358 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1975 1975-10-05 Berkeley Yacht Harbor Entrance Def 37.8665 -122.3181
761359 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1976 1976-01-28 Malaga Cove, Palos Verdes Peninsula Def 33.8044 -118.3964
761360 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1971 1971-02-24 Fourth of July Cove, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4472 -118.5010
761361 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1972 1972-07-27 Pebble Beach, Crescent City Def 41.7680 -124.2362
761362 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1971 1971-11-10 Big Fisherman's Cove, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4444 -118.4843
761363 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1971 1971-05-29 Bird Rock, La Jolla Def 32.8141 -117.2747
761364 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1973 1973-06-24 Seal Beach Jetty, at foot of Marina Drive Def 33.7462 -118.1133
761365 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1972 1972-03-11 Big Fisherman's Cove, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4447 -118.4839
761366 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1973 1973-05-13 Dana Point Harbor, Guest Docks Def 33.4620 -117.7031
761367 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1970 Crescent City Def 41.7441 -124.2031
761368 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1971 1971-08-22 Bird Rock, La Jolla Def 32.8141 -117.2747
761369 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1971 1971-05-29 Bird Rock, La Jolla Def 32.8141 -117.2747
761370 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1971 1971-07-24 Bird Rock, La Jolla Def 32.8141 -117.2747
761371 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1971 1971-08-08 Bird Rock, La Jolla Def 32.8141 -117.2747
761372 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1975 1975-12-03 Lunada Bay, Palos Verdes Peninsula Def 33.7709 -118.4233
761373 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1985 1985-04-13 Blue Cavern Point, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4485 -118.4776
761374 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1970 1970-11-11 Crescent City Def 41.7441 -124.2031
761375 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1977 1977-01-19 Lunada Bay, Palos Verdes Peninsula Def 33.7709 -118.4233
761376 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1979 1979-02-16 Lion's Head Point [sic], Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4532 -118.5014
761377 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1983 1983-11-05 Bird Rock, La Jolla Def 32.8141 -117.2747
761378 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1983 1983-04-22 Big Fisherman's Cove, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4447 -118.4839
761379 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1983 1983-03-20 Lunada Bay, Palos Verdes Peninsula Def 33.7709 -118.4233
761380 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1981 1981-09-26 Big Fisherman's Cove (north point of), Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4464 -118.4847
761381 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1978 1978-10-17 N end, Santa Barbara Island Def 33.4883 -119.0264
761382 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1978 1978-10-14 W side, Santa Barbara Island Def 33.4750 -119.0514
761383 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1977 1977-10-14 Lunada Bay, Palos Verdes Peninsula Def 33.7709 -118.4233
761384 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1982 1982-03-07 Victoria Beach (Laguna Beach) Def 33.5169 -117.7614
761385 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2008 2008-01-20 Fields Cove, [N of] Diablo Canyon Def 35.2154 -120.8606
761386 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1971 La Jolla Shores Beach Def 32.8577 -117.2581
761387 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2012 2012-03-07 China Point, San Clemente Island Def 32.8005 -118.4258
761388 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2009 2009-12-08 Toyon Bay, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.3743 -118.3518
761389 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2007 2007-09-14 Yellow Banks [Anchorage], Santa Cruz Island Def 34.0085 -119.5447
761390 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2003 2003-05-17 [E of Cañada de] Alegria Def 34.4669 -120.2780
761391 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2003 2003-05-20 [Between] Crystal Cove [and Reef Point] Def 33.5707 -117.8376
761392 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2003 2003-04-20 Prisoner's Harbor, Santa Cruz Island Def 34.0202 -119.6859
761393 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2001 2001-07-11 Horseshoe Cove, Bodega Bay Def 38.3160 -123.0706
761394 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1995 1995-04-21 Marshall Beach, Tomales Bay Def 38.1613 -122.8945
761395 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1994 1994-02-06 White Gulch, Tomales Bay Def 38.1946 -122.9478
761396 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1994 1994-06-08 Marconi, Tomales Bay Def 38.1429 -122.8793
761397 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1994 1994-02-05 Marconi, Tomales Bay Def 38.1429 -122.8793
761398 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2010 2010-11-01 Ayala Cove Marina, Angel Island Def 37.8676 -122.4361
761399 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2010 2010-11-07 San Francisco Marina Def 37.8073 -122.4397
761400 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2010 2010-11-09 San Francisco Yacht Club, Belvedere Def 37.8720 -122.4622
761401 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2010 2010-11-09 Travis [Air Force Base] Marina [Horseshoe Bay] Def 37.8328 -122.4742
761402 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2010 2010-10-18 Berkeley Marina Def 37.8671 -122.3157
761403 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2010 2010-09-02 Pier 39 Marina Def 37.8094 -122.4089
761404 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2010 2010-10-12 Emery Cove Yacht Harbor, Emeryville Def 37.8378 -122.3087
761405 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2010 2010-09-10 Drakes Estero Def 38.0567 -122.9411
761406 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1977 1977-02-15 Little Harbor, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.3842 -118.4754
761407 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1976 1976-05-28 Big Fisherman's Cove (S side), Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4447 -118.4839
761408 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1977 1977-02-14 Bird Rock, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4511 -118.4872
761409 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1978 1978-05-27 Bird Rock, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4511 -118.4872
761410 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1972 1972-03-11 Big Fisherman's Cove, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4447 -118.4839
761411 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1978 1978-04-19 Lion's Head [sic] Point, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4532 -118.5014
761412 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1977 1977-02-12 Big Fisherman's Cove, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4447 -118.4839
761413 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1978 1978-05-27 Bird Rock, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4511 -118.4872
761414 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1978 1978-05-26 Shark's Harbor [sic], Santa Catalina Island Def 33.3829 -118.4741
761415 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1978 1978-04-20 Big Fisherman's Cove, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4447 -118.4839
761416 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1978 1978-04-20 Lion's Head [sic] Point, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4532 -118.5014
761417 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1978 1978-04-22 Lion's Head [sic] Point, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4532 -118.5014
761418 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1977 1977-02-15 Big Fisherman's Cove, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4447 -118.4839
761419 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1977 1977-02-16 E of Catalina Harbor, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4333 -118.5042
761420 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1977 1977-02-11 Pin Rock, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4253 -118.5062
761421 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1977 1977-02-12 Big Fisherman's Cove, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4447 -118.4839
761422 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1977 1977-02-19 Big Fisherman's Cove, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4447 -118.4839
761423 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1977 1977-02-23 Big Fisherman's Cove, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4444 -118.4843
761424 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1979 1979-02-17 Big Fisherman's Cove, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4447 -118.4839
761425 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1977 1977-02-11 Pin Rock, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4253 -118.5062
761426 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1977 1977-02-17 Cherry Cove, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.4510 -118.5033
761427 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1977 1977-02-16 Little Harbor, Santa Catalina Island Def 33.3842 -118.4754
761428 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1987 1987-04-04 Sea Cliff Beach, Encinitas Def 33.0341 -117.2924
761429 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1982 1982-03-20 Coronado Beach, San Diego Def 32.6806 -117.1819
761430 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1986 1986-05-26 South Diablo Cove Def 35.2076 -120.8559
761431 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1995 1995-04-17 Balboa Island Def 33.6044 -117.8913
761432 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1997 1997-03-28 White Gulch, Tomales Bay Def 38.1946 -122.9478
761433 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1994 1994-05-24 White Gulch, Tomales Bay Def 38.1946 -122.9478
761434 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1994 1994-02-06 White Gulch, Tomales Bay Def 38.1946 -122.9478
761435 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1994 1994-05-26 Nick's Cove, Tomales Bay Def 38.1993 -122.9212
761436 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1997 1997-02-05 Pebble Beach, Tomales Bay Def 38.1288 -122.8866
761437 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1997 1997-03-10 Tom's Point, Tomales Bay Def 38.2142 -122.9531
761438 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1994 1994-03-10 Tom's Point, Tomales Bay Def 38.2142 -122.9531
761439 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1998 1998-07-11 Slide Ranch [offshore of] Def 37.8736 -122.6002
761440 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2013 2013-01-08 NE end, San Nicolas Island Def 33.2788 -119.5783
761441 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2012 2012-12-10 [S of] Reef Point [S of Crystal Cove] Def 33.5640 -117.8318
761442 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2012 2012-12-11 Shaw's Cove [W of] Def 33.5448 -117.7998
761443 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2005 2005-09-10 Bat Ray Cove, San Clemente Island Def 32.8205 -118.3503
761444 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1989 1989-02-19 Orr's Beach, Santa Rosa Island Def 34.0083 -120.2344
761445 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2014 2014-06-18 Slide Ranch [offshore of] Def 37.8740 -122.6006
761446 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1974 1974-07-21 Entrance to Berkeley Yacht Club Def 37.8664 -122.3193
761447 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2012 2012-11-11 Lake Merritt, Oakland Def 37.8053 -122.2618
761448 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1997 1997-04-25 W entrance to Oakland Estuary Def 37.7970 -122.3298
761449 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1988 1988-03-17 Tomales Bay [at Tomales Beach] Def 38.1745 -122.9226
761450 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1984 1984-03-29 Nick's Cove, Tomales Bay Def 38.1993 -122.9212
761451 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1988 1988-05-11 Sausalito, San Francisco Bay Def 37.8615 -122.4835
761452 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1984 1984-03-15 Dillon Beach Def 38.2536 -122.9689
761453 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1993 1993-04-25 Salt Point Def 38.5652 -123.3341
761454 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1993 1993-03-06 Tomales Point Def 38.2407 -122.9951
761455 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1992 1992-03-26 Tomales Point Def 38.2407 -122.9951
761456 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 1985 1985-01-04 China Point [sic], San Francisco Bay Def 38.0012 -122.4613
761457 University and Jepson Herbaria Specimen Portal Database 2018 2010 2010-09-09 Jack London [Square] Marina, Oakland Def 37.7945 -122.2783
761458 Stewart 1991 1969 San Diego River Flood Control Channel Def 32.7562 -117.2478
761459 Stewart 1991 1958 Quivira Basin, Mission Bay Def 32.7618 -117.2383

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