Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1937
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1937
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:

General Invasion History:

Watersipora subtorquata is an encrusting bryozoan widely distributed around the globe. Its native range is poorly understood because of taxonomic confusion with related species, particularly W. subovoidea, which it has been lumped with in older literature as 'W. cucullata' (Gordon 1989; Gordon and Mawatari 1992), or by treating W. subovoidea as a synonym of W. subtorquata (Seo 1999). This species was described from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Gordon 1989). We regard it as cryptogenic in the western Atlantic, where early records (e.g., Osburn 1914, Dry Tortugas; Osburn 1940, Puerto Rico) refer to W. cucullata, and where it has also been recorded as W. subovoidea (Winston 1982). In recent collections, it has been identified in Jamaica (Creary 2003), Puerto Rico (in 2007, Ruiz et al. unpublished data), and in Florida: Biscayne Bay (in 2004, Ruiz et al. unpublished data), Indian River Lagoon (in 2007, Ruiz et al. unpublished data), and Jacksonville (in 2002, Ruiz et al. unpublished data). This bryozoan also occurs in the Southwest Atlantic, on the west coast of South Africa (Florence et al. 2007, cited by Mead et al. 2011b). We also consider it cryptogenic in the Northwest Pacific, where it has been reported from the Sea of Japan and East China Sea coasts of South Korea, the Yellow Sea coast of Korea and China, and the Pacific coast of Japan (Tokyo Bay and southward) south to the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea (Seo 1999; Huang 2001).

In California, molecular surveys identified two clades of Watersipora subtorquata (Clades A and B), and an additional species (Watersipora n. sp.). Clade A is widely distributed globally, including Australia, New Zealand, and South Korea. Clade B is known from China and California (Mackie et al. 2012). In California, Clade A occurred from San Diego to Humboldt Bay, but was most abundant in southern and central-region harbors. Clade B occurred over the same range, but was usually less dominant, and was very spotty in the northern part of the range (Mackie et al. 2012).

Watersipora subtorquata has been introduced to the Northeast Pacific (1st record 1888, Gulf of California, and Cabo San Lucas to Puget Sound, Cohen and Carlton 1995; Cohen 2005; Ruiz et al. unpublished data), much of the coast of Australia (1st record 1950, Sydney Harbor, Winston 1977), New Zealand (1st Record 1983, Gordon and Mawatari 1992), and the Atlantic coast of France (1st Record 1973, d'Hondt 1984, cited by Ryland et al. 2009). This organism has a short planktonic stage (Gordon and Mawatari 1992; Cohen and Carlton 1995) suggesting that ship fouling is its likeliest mode of transport to most locations. However, its appearances in France appear related to culture of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) (Ryland et al. 2009).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Bryozoans of the Watersipora subtorquata complex have been introduced to the northeast Pacific (1st record 1888, Gulf of California, and Cabo San Lucas to Puget Sound, (Cohen and Carlton 1995; Cohen 2005; Ruiz et al. unpublished data). The invasion history of the Watersipora spp. on the west coast is murky, with conflicting molecular and morphological surveys. In California, molecular surveys identified two clades of Watersipora subtorquata (Clades A and B), and an additional species (Watersipora n. sp.). Clade A is widely distributed globally, including Australia, New Zealand, and South Korea. Clade B is known from China and California (Mackie et al. 2012). In California, Clade A occurred from San Diego to Humboldt Bay, but was most abundant in southern and central-region harbors. Clade B occurred over the same range, but was usually less dominant, and was very spotty in northern part of the range They found a third form, Watersipora n. sp., ranging from southern California to Puget Sound. This species has been named formally or described morphologically (Mackie et al. 2012). The molecularly defined species Clades A and B have not been studied morphologically and are unnamed as present. 
 
In a global survey of the genus Watersipora, Vieira et al. (2014) mapped three species on the West Coast, the well-defined W. arcuata, W. subatra, and the little-known W. atrofusca. Vieira et al. (2014) identified the well-defined W. arcuata and W. subatra, and W. atrofusca (known from Mexico and possibly southern California, little information available). Watersipora subatra ranges from Mexico to Puget Sound (Vieira et al. 2014; Ruiz et al. unpublished data). The 'true' W. suborquata was not shown on the West Coast of North America on Vieira et al.’s (2014) map. However, it has been found locally in Long Beach and other sites in southern California, but is less widespread (Linda McCann, personal communication).

Invasion History in Hawaii:

The earliest record for Watersipora subtorquata in Hawaii are specimens collected in 1966 in Pearl Harbor, and the Ala Wai Marina, near Honolulu, Oahu, in 1966 (Carlton and Eldredge, 2009). This bryozoan was collected on fouling plates in 2007 in Kaneohe Bay, Barbers Point Harbor, and several locations near Honolulu (Ruiz et al., unpublished data).

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

Since Watersipora subtorquata is a member of a complex of cryptic species, its native and introduced ranges are uncertain. Possible native regions include the tropical southwest Atlantic (type locality in Brazil), and the Indo-West Pacific (Vieira et al. 2014). It is found in many parts of the of the Mediterranean, from France to Egypt but the dates are unknown due to confusion with the native W. cucullata (Harmelin 2014; Vieira et al. 2014). In the eastern Atlantic, W. subtorquata was found in the Azores in 1888 (Chainho et al. 201), Madeira in 2006 (Canning-Clode et al. 2016), and South Africa (Florence et al. 2007; Mead et al. 2011). So far, specimens of Watersipora on the Atlantic coast of Europe (d'Hondt 1984; Ryland et al. 2009) have been identified or re-identified as W. subatra (Vieira et al. 2014). 

Watersipora subtorquata's occurrence in Europe was obscured by its confusion with W. subovoidea, but it was collected in the Bay of Arcachon, France on the Bay of Biscay in 1973 (d'Hondt 1984, cited by Ryland et al. 2009). It was collected again in the Bay of Arcachon in 2003, and in 1999–2007, found in many sites in Brittany and the Channel Islands (Ryland et al. 2009). Most of the collection sites were located near oyster-culture operations, and this species was most likely introduced to Europe with the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) (Ryland et al. 2009). This bryozoan is also introduced on the west coast of South Africa (Florence et al. 2007, cited by Mead et al. 2011b).


Description

Watersipora subtorquata is an encrusting bryozoan, growing in single layers of flat substrates, but becomes multilamellar on rough substrates, and sometimes erect and leaf-like (foliaceous). Zooids are roughly elongate-rectangular, about twice as long as wide, being740–1,500 µm X 290–680 µm in size. The frontal shield is flat to slightly convex, perforated by numerous round pseudopores. Lateral-oral septulae (connecting the zooids) are absent. The orifice is slightly wider than the long, proximal edge, with a V-shaped or rounded sinus and approximately 130 x 260 (mean ~230) µm in size. It occupies less than 10% of the total zooid area with a well-defined proximal sinus demarcated by triangular condyles, ~55 × 115 µm (Ryland et al. 2009). The rim of the orifice has projecting proximo-lateral, and triangular condyles. The operculum has a dark central band and two lucida (transparent spots) adjacent to the condyles (Vieira et al. 2014). There are no oral spines or avicularia, and no ovicells. However, the zooids brood bright orange-red embryos internally. Colonies are orange to brownish-purple or black with dried or dead colonies becoming dark-orange or gray. (Description from Gordon and Mawatari 1992; Seo 1999; Ryland et al. 2009; Vieira et al. 2014). Colonies can become erect and leaf-like, with extensively overlapping calcareous crusts and curled edges. The crusts are often grayish black or dull orange, with bright orange (New Zealand) or purplish red (Korea) growing edges. The operculum is strongly pigmented with a dark, broad, biconcave band proximally, gradually spreading around paired clear areas. The polypides have orange lophophores 740 x 850 µm long, and 24 tentacles (Gordon 1989).  
 
NOTE: A recent revision of Watersipora taxonomy presented a drastic change in the nomenclature and worldwide biogeography of the genus. Vieira et al.'s (2014), map shows W. subtorquata as absent from the West Coast of North America and shows three species on the West Coast: W. subatraW. atrofusca, and W. arcuata, with W. subatra identified only from California and Pacific Mexico. Watersipora subtorquata is widely distributed in the tropical-subtropical Atlantic and Mediterranean, Red Sea, and Indo-West Pacific. Another previously identified species, W. subovoidea, has been abandoned and partially synonymized with an earlier name W. cucullata, a name until recently regarded as obsolete (Vieira et al. 2015). This worldwide revision of the genus is at odds with current molecular studies (Mackie et al. 2006; Mackie et al. 2012). Vieira et al.'s (2014) map includes only a small number of West Coast samples. A larger regional sample will be required to reconcile morphological and molecular taxonomy of Watersipora on the West Coast of North America. Until this is available, we will use the names W. subtorquata and Watersipora n. sp. in NEMESIS. 


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Bryozoa
Class:   Gymnolaemata
Order:   Cheilostomata
Suborder:   Ascophora
Family:   Watersiporidae
Genus:   Watersipora
Species:   subtorquata

Synonyms

Escharina torquata (d'Orbigny, 1542)
Watersipora cucullata (Marcus, 1937)
Watersipora subovoidea (d'Orbigny, 1852)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Watersipora subovoidea
Busk 1854. Now considered synonymous with W. cucullata. Described from the Mediterranean Sea, and largely distributed there (Vieira et al. 2014).

Watersipora arcuata
Banta 1969 Described from San Diego, where it was a recent introduction. Possibly native to tropical-subtropical East Pacific, introduced to Hawaii, Australia, and New Zealand (Banta 1969; Mackie et al. 2006; Mackie et al. 2012).

Watersipora atrofusca

Busk 1856. Reported only from Mazatlan, Mexico, and Califonria, little information available (Vieira et al. 2014).



Watersipora cucullata

Busk 1854, described from the Mediterranean Sea



Watersipora n. sp.
This newly identified, undescribed species is morphologically nearly identical to W. subtorquata but distinct at the molecular level (Mackie 2006; Mackie et al. 2012). So far, it is known only from California and South Korea.

Watersipora nigra

Described by Canu and Bassler 1930 as Pachycleithonia nigra from the Galapagos Islands, and moved into the genus Watersipora, by Vieira et al. (2014). It was not found in recent surveys (Carlton et al. 2019; Vieira et al. 2019).



Watersipora subatra

(d'Orbigny 1852) Described from the Aegean Sea. Re-described and redefined by Ryland et al. (2009). Watersipora subatra occurs in the Western Pacific from Japan to New Zealand as well as the West Coast.



Ecology

General:

Watersipora subtorquata is an encrusting, calcified bryozoan, composed of many individual zooids. The zooids feed by extending the ciliated tentacles of the lophophore as a funnel, creating a current and driving food particles into their mouths. The food is guided along the tentacles and through the pharynx by the cilia. Larger food particles can be moved or captured by flicking or contracting the tentacles (Barnes 1983). Watersipora subtorquata is known from pilings, rocks, shells, floats, oil platforms, ships' hulls, and fouling plates (Mackie et al. 2006; Page et al. 2006; Cohen and Zabin 2009; Ryland et al. 2009). 

 

Food:

Phytoplankton

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatRockyNone
General HabitatVessel HullNone
General HabitatCoral reefNone
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Tidal RangeLow IntertidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone

Life History

Ecology- Watersipora arcuata is known from pilings, rocks, floats and ships' hulls (Banta 1969; Gordon and Mawatari 1992).


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Temperature (ºC)6.7Field, based on coldest site in geographical range, Port Townsend WA (Zerebecki and Sorte 2011)
Maximum Temperature (ºC)30.6Field, based on warmest site in geographical range, Red Sea (Zerebecki and Sorte 2011)
Minimum Salinity (‰)25Field salinity (California) (Cohen 2005)
Maximum Salinity (‰)40Field salinity (Shark Bay, Western Australia) (Wyatt et al. 2005)
Minimum Duration0Larva- Cohen and Carlton 1995
Maximum Duration1Larva- Cohen and Carlton 1995
Broad Temperature RangeNoneWarm-Temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity RangeNonePolyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Watersipora subtorquata is an encrusting bryozoan widely distributed around the globe. Its colonies can be erect and leaf-like, with extensive overlapping calcareous crusts and curled edges, which create secondary habitat for the settlement of other marine invertebrates. Its native range is poorly understood because of taxonomic confusion with related species, particularly W. subatra. However, introduced populations have been recorded on the West coast of the United States, Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and South Africa. This species is known from rocks, oyster shells, pilings, floats, oil platforms, ships' hulls, and fouling plates. It is tolerant of copper and mercury antifouling paints and has outcompeted congeneric species in some areas of its introduced range.  

Economic Impacts Shipping and Boating- Watersipora spp. have long been known to be tolerant of copper and mercury in antifouling paint (Allen 1953; Ryland 1971; Piola and Johnston 2006). Their hard encrusting colonies are tolerant of moving water, and their colonies also provide non-toxic points of attachment for other organisms, allowing a diverse fouling community to develop (Floerl et al. 2004), which can adversely affect the speed and efficiency of ships. McKenzie et al. (2011) found that colonies from different sites varied in copper tolerance, and that tolerance was heritable in cultures. Colonies that produced large larvae tended to be more copper-tolerant (McKenzie et al. 2011).  

Ecological Impacts Competition- In New Zealand, W. subtorquata (arriving in 1983) quickly replaced W. arcuata at most locations (Gordon and Mawatari 1992). In Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia W. subtorquata (arriving in 1976) also became the dominant Watersipora species (Keough and Ross 1999). In southern California, W. subtorquata was as of 2000–2003 the dominant or only form at several sites (Oceanside Harbor, Alamitos Bay, King Harbor; Geller et al. 2008 where W. arcuata was previously predominant (Banta 1969). Geller et al. (2008) suggest that W. subtorquata may be more competitive than W. arcuata in warm-temperate climates and may be expected to extend its range northward as the climate warms. Watersipora subtorquata was one of a group of seven non-native species in Bodega Harbor, most of which were rare or absent in 1970–1971 but were among the eight most abundant species in 2006. Spawning periods and abundance of species in this group appeared to be favored by a 1°C increase in average temperatures at this site over a 30-year period (Sorte and Stachowicz 2011).  

Habitat Change- Watersipora subtorquata colonies provide habitat for other organisms. Its colonies often develop elevated leaf-like folds rising above the substrate, creating additional space for colonization by other organisms. In Bodega Harbor, Geller et al. 2008 found where morphologically identical species (either W. subtorquata or Watersipora n. sp.) had more than 10% cover on fouling plates, native diversity was correlated with exotic diversity, as both groups of organisms occupied the expanded area (Sellheim et al. 2010). On the hulls of ships, and other surfaces treated with antifouling paints, W. subtorquata is often the only species able to settle, and its colonies provide surfaces on which more sensitive organisms can settle (Floerl et al. 2004). 


Regional Impacts

NEP-VIPt. Conception to Southern Baja CaliforniaEcological ImpactCompetition
In southern California, W. subtorquata is now (2000-2003) the dominant or only form at several sites (Oceanside Harbor, Alamitos Bay, King Harbor; Geller et al. 2008) where W. arcuata was previously dominant (Banta 1969). Geller et al. (2008) suggest that W. subtorquata may be more competitive than W. arcuata in warm-temperate climates, and may be expected to extend its range northward as the climate warms. Experimental clearing and routine cleaning of oil platforms favored increased abundance of Watersipora subatra, recruitng in the cleared area (Viola et al. 2018). Viola et al. (2018) suggest the retention of oil platforms as artificial reefs could favor W. subatra. Removal of the upper portions of the platforms might reduce their potential as a source for coastal populations of the bryozoan.
P023_CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido)Ecological ImpactCompetition
In southern California, W. subtorquata is now (2000-2003) the dominant or only form at several sites (Oceanside Harbor, Alamitos Bay, King Harbor; Geller et al. 2008) where W. arcuata was previously dominant (Banta 1969). Geller et al. (2008) suggest that W. subtorquata may be more competitive than W. arcuata in warm-temperate climates, and may be expected to extend its range northward as the climate warms.
P050San Pedro BayEcological ImpactCompetition
In southern California, W. subtorquata is now (2000-2003) the dominant or only form at several sites (Oceanside Harbor, Alamitos Bay, King Harbor; Geller et al. 2008) where W. arcuata was previously dominant (Banta 1969). Geller et al. (2008) suggest that W. subtorquata may be more competitive than W. arcuata in warm-temperate climates, and may be expected to extend its range northward as the climate warms.
P060Santa Monica BayEcological ImpactCompetition
In southern California, W. subtorquata is now (2000-2003) the dominant or only form at several sites (Oceanside Harbor, Alamitos Bay, King Harbor; Geller et al. 2008) where W. arcuata was previously dominant (Banta 1969). Geller et al. (2008) suggest that W. subtorquata may be more competitive than W. arcuata in warm-temperate climates, and may be expected to extend its range northward as the climate warms.
P065_CDA_P065 (Santa Barbara Channel)Ecological ImpactCompetition
Experimental clearing and routine cleaning of oil platforms favored increased abundance of Watersipora subatra, recruitng in the cleared area (Viola et al. 2018). Viola et al. (2018) suggest the retention of oil platforms as artificial reefs could favor W. subatra. Removal of the upper portions of the platforms might reduce their potential as a source for coastal populations of the bryozoan.
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactCompetition
In southern California, W. subtorquata is now (2000-2003) the dominant or only form at several sites (Oceanside Harbor, Alamitos Bay, King Harbor; Geller et al. 2008) where W. arcuata was previously dominant (Banta 1969). Geller et al. (2008) suggest that W. subtorquata may be more competitive than W. arcuata in warm-temperate climates, and may be expected to extend its range northward as the climate warms., In southern California, W. subtorquata is now (2000-2003) the dominant or only form at several sites (Oceanside Harbor, Alamitos Bay, King Harbor; Geller et al. 2008) where W. arcuata was previously dominant (Banta 1969). Geller et al. (2008) suggest that W. subtorquata may be more competitive than W. arcuata in warm-temperate climates, and may be expected to extend its range northward as the climate warms., In southern California, W. subtorquata is now (2000-2003) the dominant or only form at several sites (Oceanside Harbor, Alamitos Bay, King Harbor; Geller et al. 2008) where W. arcuata was previously dominant (Banta 1969). Geller et al. (2008) suggest that W. subtorquata may be more competitive than W. arcuata in warm-temperate climates, and may be expected to extend its range northward as the climate warms., Experimental clearing and routine cleaning of oil platforms favored increased abundance of Watersipora subatra, recruitng in the cleared area (Viola et al. 2018). Viola et al. (2018) suggest the retention of oil platforms as artificial reefs could favor W. subatra. Removal of the upper portions of the platforms might reduce their potential as a source for coastal populations of the bryozoan.

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P095 _CDA_P095 (Tomales-Drakes Bay) 2015 Def Estab
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 2015 Def Estab
P058 _CDA_P058 (San Pedro Channel Islands) 2001 Def Estab
P040 Newport Bay 2001 Def Estab
P027 _CDA_P027 (Aliso-San Onofre) 2001 Def Estab
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 2001 Def Estab
P065 _CDA_P065 (Santa Barbara Channel) 2001 Def Estab
P050 San Pedro Bay 2000 Def Estab
P023 _CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido) 2000 Def Estab
P030 Mission Bay 2000 Def Estab
P023 _CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido) 2000 Def Estab
P020 San Diego Bay 1997 Def Estab
P030 Mission Bay 1989 Def Estab
P060 Santa Monica Bay 1972 Def Estab
P050 San Pedro Bay 1964 Def Estab
P064 _CDA_P064 (Ventura) 1963 Def Estab
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 1937 Def Estab

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
716635 Boyd et al. 2002 2002 Eureka Public Marina Def 40.8031 -124.1785
716642 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-24 Coast Guard Island Marina, San Francisco Bay Def 37.7812 -122.2458
716643 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-25 Presidio Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay Def 37.8326 -122.4741
716644 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-23 Brisbane Lagoon, San Francisco Bay Def 37.6862 -122.3906
716646 de Rivera et al. 2005 2003 Kirby Park, Elkhorn Slough Def 36.8410 -121.7463
716648 de Rivera et al. 2005; Mackie et al. 2006 2003 Santa Cruz Harbor Def 36.9658 -122.0016
716655 de Rivera et al. 2005 2004 Ventura West Marina Def 34.2464 -119.2611
716660 Cohen et al. 2002 2000 2000-08-29 Marina del Rey Def 33.9722 -118.4522
716663 Cohen et al. 2002 2000 2000-08-24 Cabrillo Beach Boat Ramp Def 33.7134 -118.2839
716669 Cohen et al. 2002 2000 2000-08-28 Snug Harbor Marina Def 33.1478 -117.3322
716672 Cohen et al. 2002 2000 2000-08-26 Chula Vista Boat Ramp Def 32.6211 -117.1031
716673 de Rivera et al. 2005 2003 Sunroad Marina, San Diego Bay Def 32.7263 -117.1922
754999 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-11 Bodega Bay Epifaunal 02 Def 38.3293 -123.0552
755000 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-11 Bodega Bay Epifaunal 03 Def 38.3293 -123.0552
755001 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-11 Bodega Bay Epifaunal 04 Def 38.3293 -123.0552
755002 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-11 Bodega Bay Epifaunal 05 Def 38.3293 -123.0552
755003 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-11 Bodega Bay Epifaunal 06 Def 38.3317 -123.0571
755004 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-11 Bodega Bay Epifaunal 07 Def 38.3317 -123.0571
755005 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-11 Bodega Bay Epifaunal 08 Def 38.3317 -123.0571
755006 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-11 Bodega Bay Epifaunal 09 Def 38.3317 -123.0571
755007 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-13 Morro Bay Epifaunal 04 Def 35.3644 -120.8549
755008 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-13 Morro Bay Epifaunal 05 Def 35.3644 -120.8549
755009 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-13 Morro Bay Epifaunal 07 Def 35.3644 -120.8549
755010 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-13 Morro Bay Epifaunal 09 Def 35.3644 -120.8549
755011 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-13 Morro Bay Epifaunal 11 Def 35.3644 -120.8549
755012 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-13 Port Hueneme Infaunal 15 Def 34.1481 -119.2064
755013 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-14 Port Hueneme Infaunal 23 Def 34.1478 -119.2102
755014 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-10-25 Monterey Harbor Epifaunal 01 Def 36.6032 -121.8920
755015 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-10-25 Monterey Harbor Epifaunal 02 Def 36.6034 -121.8907
755016 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-10-25 Monterey Harbor Epifaunal 04 Def 36.6039 -121.8896
755017 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-10-25 Monterey Harbor Epifaunal 05 Def 36.6090 -121.8933
755018 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-10-25 Moss Landing Harbor Epifaunal 01 Def 36.8040 -121.7861
755019 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-10-25 Moss Landing Harbor Epifaunal 03 Def 36.8028 -121.7850
755020 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-11-08 Port Hueneme Epifaunal 02 Def 34.1497 -119.2100
755021 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-11-08 Port Hueneme Epifaunal 03 Def 34.1516 -119.2067
755022 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-11-08 Port Hueneme Epifaunal 04 Def 34.1468 -119.2119
755023 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-11-08 Port Hueneme Epifaunal 05 Def 34.1462 -119.2102
755024 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-11-08 Port Hueneme Epifaunal 06 Def 34.1487 -119.2016
755025 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-11-08 Port Hueneme Epifaunal 07 Def 34.1477 -119.2042
755026 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-11-08 Port Hueneme Epifaunal 08 Def 34.1486 -119.2057
755027 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-11-08 Port Hueneme Epifaunal 11 Def 34.1537 -119.2106
755028 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-11-08 Port Hueneme Epifaunal 19 Def 34.1499 -119.2099
755029 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-09 Santa Barbara Epifaunal 01 Def 34.4045 -119.6920
755030 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-09 Santa Barbara Epifaunal 02 Def 34.4048 -119.6936
755031 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-09 Santa Barbara Epifaunal 03 Def 34.4067 -119.6889
755032 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-09 Santa Barbara Epifaunal 05 Def 34.4068 -119.6910
755033 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-10 Channel Islands Harbor Epifaunal 01 Def 34.1742 -119.2271
755034 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-10 Channel Islands Harbor Epifaunal 02 Def 34.1811 -119.2319
755035 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-10 Channel Islands Harbor Epifaunal 03 Def 34.1735 -119.2298
755036 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-10 Channel Islands Harbor Epifaunal 04 Def 34.1642 -119.2260
755037 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-10 Channel Islands Harbor Epifaunal 05 Def 34.1739 -119.2236
755038 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-10 Channel Islands Harbor Epifaunal 06 Def 34.1757 -119.2234
755039 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Los Angeles Epifaunal 01 Def 33.7348 -118.2478
755040 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Los Angeles Epifaunal 03 Def 33.7684 -118.2782
755041 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Los Angeles Epifaunal 04 Def 33.7655 -118.2529
755042 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Los Angeles Epifaunal 05 Def 33.7648 -118.2424
755043 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Marina Del Rey Epifaunal 02 Def 33.9828 -118.4467
755044 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Marina Del Rey Epifaunal 03 Def 33.9703 -118.4494
755045 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Marina Del Rey Epifaunal 04 Def 33.9760 -118.4460
755046 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-12 Huntington Harbour Epifaunal 01 Def 33.7128 -118.0543
755047 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-12 Huntington Harbour Epifaunal 02 Def 33.7175 -118.0658
755048 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-12 Huntington Harbour Epifaunal 03 Def 33.7283 -118.0601
755049 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-12 Huntington Harbour Epifaunal 04 Def 33.7278 -118.0787
755050 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-01 Avalon Harbor Epifaunal 02 Def 33.3442 -118.3225
755051 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-01 Avalon Harbor Epifaunal 03 Def 33.3485 -118.3260
755052 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Dana Point Epifaunal 01 Def 33.4615 -117.7031
755053 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Dana Point Epifaunal 02 Def 33.4599 -117.7025
755054 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Dana Point Epifaunal 03 Def 33.4613 -117.6995
755055 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Dana Point Epifaunal 04 Def 33.4590 -117.6991
755056 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Dana Point Epifaunal 05 Def 33.4592 -117.6941
755057 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Oceanside Epifaunal 01 Def 33.2118 -117.3951
755058 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Oceanside Epifaunal 02 Def 33.2104 -117.3960
755059 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Oceanside Epifaunal 04 Def 33.2087 -117.3949
755060 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Oceanside Epifaunal 06 Def 33.2052 -117.3908
755061 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-15 Newport Beach Epifaunal 03 Def 33.6094 -117.8958
755062 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-15 Newport Beach Epifaunal 04 Def 33.6085 -117.9202
755063 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-15 Newport Beach Epifaunal 06 Def 33.6154 -117.9022
755064 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-15 Newport Beach Epifaunal 07 Def 33.6193 -117.8933
755065 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-16 Long Beach Epifaunal 02 Def 33.7477 -118.1975
755066 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-16 Long Beach Epifaunal 03 Def 33.7628 -118.2145
755067 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-16 Long Beach Epifaunal 04 Def 33.7709 -118.2113
755068 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-16 Long Beach Epifaunal 05 Def 33.7766 -118.2107
755069 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-16 Long Beach Epifaunal 06 Def 33.7697 -118.2283
755070 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-09-18 Humboldt Bay Epifaunal 04 Def 40.7294 -124.2199
755071 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-09-18 Humboldt Bay Epifaunal 05 Def 40.7784 -124.1959
755072 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-09-18 Humboldt Bay Epifaunal 07 Def 40.7976 -124.1862
755073 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-09-18 Humboldt Bay Epifaunal 08 Def 40.8039 -124.1767
755074 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-09-18 Humboldt Bay Epifaunal 09 Def 40.8074 -124.1666
755075 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-09-19 Tomales Bay Epifaunal 01 Def 38.1078 -122.8624
755076 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-09-19 Tomales Bay Epifaunal 03 Def 38.1511 -122.8887
755077 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-09-19 Tomales Bay Epifaunal 04 Def 38.1996 -122.9219
755078 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 Bulk Carrier Terminal Def 32.6969 -117.1526
755079 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 Chula Vista Marina Def 32.6225 -117.1023
755080 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 Marine Terminal (Paco) Def 32.6584 -117.1191
755081 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 San Diego Bay Commercial Fishing Fleet Def 32.7109 -117.1739
755082 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-10 America's Cup Harbor Def 32.7239 -117.2240
755083 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-10 Harbor Island Marina Def 32.7266 -117.2128
755084 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-10 Mission Bay Epifaunal 02 Def 32.7933 -117.2226
755085 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-10 Mission Bay Epifaunal 03 Def 32.7619 -117.2357
755086 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-10 Shelter Island Marina Def 32.7180 -117.2255
755087 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-02-09 Pin Rock Def 33.4275 -118.5071
755088 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-07 Aquatic Park Def 37.8080 -122.4216
755089 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-07 Crissy Field Def 37.8059 -122.4566
755090 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-07 Fort Point Def 37.8095 -122.4761
755091 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-07 Port of Oakland Office Def 37.7954 -122.2804
755092 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-08 Oakland Outer Harbor Def 37.8217 -122.3145
755093 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-08 Sea Plane Lagoon Def 37.7761 -122.2998
755094 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-08 Yerba Buena Def 37.8146 -122.3712
755095 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-09 McNears Beach Def 37.9962 -122.4556
755096 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-09 Point Cavallo Def 37.8319 -122.4737
755097 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-09 Richardson Bay Def 37.8588 -122.4798
755098 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-07-06 Coyote Point Def 37.5920 -122.3210
755099 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-07-07 Tiburon Def 37.8883 -122.4445
755100 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-07-08 Richmond Marina Def 37.9137 -122.3504
755101 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-19 Ayala Cove Def 37.8680 -122.4350
755102 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Central Basin Def 37.7643 -122.3863
755103 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 China Basin Def 37.7780 -122.3881
755104 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Ferry Terminal Pier Def 37.7945 -122.3917
755105 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Potrero Point Def 37.7521 -122.3790
755106 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Redwood Creek - Marina Def 37.5021 -122.2130
755107 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Redwood Creek - Shipping Def 37.5120 -122.2109
755108 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Cruise Ship Pier Def 37.8085 -122.4060
755109 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Pier 39 Def 37.8108 -122.4086
755110 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Pier 45 Def 37.8111 -122.4196
755111 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Saint Francis Yacht Harbor Def 37.8066 -122.4463
755112 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Treasure Island Def 37.8149 -122.3702
755113 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Coyote Point Marina Def 37.5905 -122.3177
755114 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 San Mateo Bridge Def 37.5806 -122.2543
755115 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Sierra Point Marina Def 37.6740 -122.3792
755116 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Berkeley Marina Def 37.8676 -122.3172
755117 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Oakland Inner Harbor - Shipping cranes Def 37.7947 -122.3095
755118 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Oakland Outer Harbor Def 37.8217 -122.3145
755119 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Coast Guard Island Def 37.7812 -122.2457
755120 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Oakland Inner Harbor - Small marinas Def 37.7847 -122.2669
755121 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Port of Oakland Office Def 37.7954 -122.2804
755122 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Sea Plane Lagoon Def 37.7761 -122.2998
755123 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Chevron Pier Def 37.9228 -122.4105
755124 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Point Richmond Piers Def 37.9085 -122.3913
755125 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Richmond Marina Def 37.9137 -122.3504
755126 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Ayala Cove Def 37.8680 -122.4350
755127 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Corinthian Marina Def 37.8726 -122.4563
755128 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Paradise Cay Def 37.9146 -122.4776
755129 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Richardson Bay Def 37.8588 -122.4798
755130 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Romberg Tiburon Center Def 37.8906 -122.4458
755131 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-11-16 Alcatraz Def 37.8253 -122.4223
755132 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-25 CIYC Guest Slip Def 34.1641 -119.2255
755133 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-25 Commercial Fishing Dock Def 34.1696 -119.2285
755134 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-25 Fancy Slip Def 34.1741 -119.2235
755135 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-25 Private Dock Def 34.1798 -119.2297
755136 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-26 Alpha Wharf Def 34.1528 -119.2101
755137 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-26 Commercial Fishing Fleet Dock Def 34.1482 -119.2020
755138 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-26 Commercial Wharf Def 34.1478 -119.2077
755139 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-26 Wharf 4 Def 34.1500 -119.2100
755140 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-26 Wharf 5 Def 34.1516 -119.2072
755141 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-26 Wharf Charlie Def 34.1532 -119.2095
755142 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-27 Front South Def 34.4067 -119.6889
755143 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-27 Harbor Entrance Def 34.4069 -119.6913
755144 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-27 Wharf Charlie Def 34.4047 -119.6937
755145 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-27 SB Yacht Harbor Def 34.4045 -119.6919
755146 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-28 Coast Guard Pier Def 35.3707 -120.8585
755147 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-28 Derelict Boat Def 35.3589 -120.8524
755148 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-28 Morro Bay Boat Launch Ramp Def 35.3577 -120.8510
755149 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-28 Morro Bay Boat Yard Def 35.3570 -120.8492
755150 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-28 Morro Bay Commercial Fishing Dock Def 35.3691 -120.8552
755151 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-08 Aquaculture Floats Def 40.8285 -124.1648
755152 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-08 Humboldt Chevron Pier Def 40.7781 -124.1962
755153 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-08 Parking Lot With Pallets Stacked Def 40.7977 -124.1860
755154 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-09 Dilapidated Dock Area Def 40.7291 -124.2198
755155 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-09 Eureka Boat Launch Def 40.8040 -124.1766
755156 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-09 Wooden Structure Debris Def 40.7233 -124.2232
755157 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-09 Wood-loading/Barge Dock Def 40.7327 -124.2192
755158 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-10 Tomales Bay Boat Launch Def 38.1991 -122.9220
755159 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-10 Tony's Place Def 38.1466 -122.8832
755160 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-11 Marina Near Chevron Dock Def 38.3321 -123.0585
755161 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-11 NE Corner of Bay Def 38.3340 -123.0511
755162 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-11 SE Side of Bay Def 38.3258 -123.0410
755163 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-11 Slip In A Harbor Def 38.3295 -123.0565
755164 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-21 LA/Long Beach Cruise Ship Pier Def 33.7446 -118.2762
755165 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-21 Loading Dock at Bumper Pad #51 Def 33.7410 -118.2746
755166 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-21 Slip D-50 Def 33.7165 -118.2801
755167 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 Backside of Working Container Ship Pier Def 33.7667 -118.2774
755168 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 Draw Bridge Def 33.7645 -118.2428
755169 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 LA/Long Beach Coast Guard Pier Def 33.7233 -118.2685
755170 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 Port of Los Angeles Clock Tower Def 33.7540 -118.2697
755171 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 Yacht Haven Marina Def 33.7655 -118.2528
755172 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 ITS Terminal Def 33.7483 -118.1973
755173 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 Long Beach Downtown Marina - ISS Def 33.7594 -118.1866
755174 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 Patriot Environmental Def 33.7767 -118.2105
755175 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 Super Mexico Pier Def 33.7708 -118.2113
755176 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 Under the Bridge Def 33.7697 -118.2284
755177 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 Near Huntington Launch Ramp Def 33.7279 -118.0786
755178 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 Private Beach Def 33.7175 -118.0659
755179 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 Pump-A-Head Dock Def 33.7026 -118.0542
755180 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 Yellow Condos Def 33.7283 -118.0602
755181 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 Marina del Rey Harbor Entrance Def 33.9702 -118.4496
755182 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 Northern Corner of Harbor Def 33.9830 -118.4465
755183 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 Overnight Guest Dock Def 33.9761 -118.4461
755184 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 Vessel Assist Dock Def 33.9783 -118.4569
755185 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Dana Inn Marina Def 32.7671 -117.2362
755186 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Hilton Resort Dock Def 32.7788 -117.2127
755187 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Santa Barbara Cove Def 32.7774 -117.2484
755188 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Seaforth Def 32.7621 -117.2365
755189 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Ski Islands Marina Def 32.7939 -117.2232
755190 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-13 Guest Dock Def 33.2091 -117.3947
755191 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-13 Middle Harbor Yacht Slip Def 33.2106 -117.3960
755192 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-13 Oceanside Commercial Fishing Dock Def 33.2057 -117.3897
755193 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Back Bay Marina Def 33.6194 -117.8933
755194 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Balboa Coves Def 33.6213 -117.9364
755195 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Balboa North Channel Def 33.6097 -117.8957
755196 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Lido Peninsula Def 33.6082 -117.9195
755197 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Newport Bay Harbor Entrance Def 33.5974 -117.8798
755198 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-15 Dana Point Harbor Mouth Slip Def 33.4594 -117.6941
755199 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-15 East of Bridge Def 33.4591 -117.6992
755200 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-15 Ocean Institute Dock Def 33.4622 -117.7063
755201 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-15 Small Boat Slip Def 33.4605 -117.7020
755202 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-10-10 Casino Point/Fuel Dock Def 33.3483 -118.3265
755203 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-10-10 Pleasure Pier Def 33.3440 -118.3247
755204 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-10-10 The Tuna Club Def 33.3461 -118.3268
755205 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-01 B-Dock Def 36.8027 -121.7851
755206 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-01 Middle of the Slough Def 36.8112 -121.7793
755207 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-01 MLML Small Boats Def 36.8041 -121.7860
755208 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-01 North Harbor/Boat Launch Def 36.8128 -121.7880
755209 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-01 The Steelhead/MBARI Bridge Def 36.8005 -121.7877
755210 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 Breakwater Cove Marina Def 36.6090 -121.8936
755211 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 Fisherman's Wharf near Monterey Fish Company Def 36.6039 -121.8895
755212 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 Harbormaster Launch Ramp Def 36.6023 -121.8907
755213 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 Monterey Private Slip Def 36.6034 -121.8905
755214 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 Monterey Yacht Harbor Def 36.6077 -121.8928
755215 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-01 Sierra Point Marina Def 37.6740 -122.3792
755216 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Ballena Bay Def 37.7661 -122.2834
755217 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Coast Guard Island Def 37.7812 -122.2457
755218 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Oakland Inner Harbor - Shipping cranes Def 37.7947 -122.3095
755219 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Port of Oakland Office Def 37.7954 -122.2804
755220 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Berkeley Marina Def 37.8676 -122.3172
755221 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Treasure Island Def 37.8149 -122.3702
755222 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-13 Coyote Point Def 37.5920 -122.3210
755223 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-14 Aquatic Park Def 37.8080 -122.4216
755224 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Point Richmond Piers Def 37.9085 -122.3913
755225 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Santa Fe Channel - Back Def 37.9207 -122.3684
755226 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Santa Fe Channel - Front Def 37.9101 -122.3644
755227 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-01 Ayala Cove Def 37.8680 -122.4350
755228 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-01 Corinthian Marina Def 37.8726 -122.4563
755229 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-01 Loch Lomond Marina Area Def 37.9720 -122.4832
755230 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-01 Richardson Bay Def 37.8588 -122.4798
755231 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Cruise Ship Pier Def 37.8085 -122.4060
755232 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Ferry Terminal Pier Def 37.7945 -122.3917
755233 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Pier 45 Def 37.8111 -122.4196
755234 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Potrero Point Def 37.7521 -122.3790
755235 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Saint Francis Yacht Harbor Def 37.8066 -122.4463
755236 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-13 Ayala Cove Def 37.8680 -122.4350
755237 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Paradise Cay Def 37.9146 -122.4776
755238 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor Def 37.9643 -122.4185
755239 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Romberg Tiburon Center Def 37.8906 -122.4458
755240 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-11-05 Alcatraz Def 37.8253 -122.4223
755241 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-05 Coast Guard Pier Def 35.3707 -120.8585
755242 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-05 Morro Bay Boat Launch Ramp Def 35.3577 -120.8510
755243 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-05 Morro Bay Boat Yard Def 35.3570 -120.8492
755244 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-06 Harbor Entrance Def 34.4069 -119.6913
755245 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-06 Radon Corner Def 34.4047 -119.6937
755246 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-07 CIYC Guest Slip Def 34.1641 -119.2255
755247 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-07 Commercial Fishing Dock Def 34.1696 -119.2285
755248 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-07 Private Dock Def 34.1798 -119.2297
755249 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-08 Commercial Fishing Fleet Dock Def 34.1482 -119.2020
755250 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-08 Wharf 4 Def 34.1500 -119.2100
755251 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Balboa Coves Def 33.6213 -117.9364
755252 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Near Huntington Launch Ramp Def 33.7279 -118.0786
755253 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Newport Bay Harbor Entrance Def 33.5974 -117.8798
755254 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Pump-A-Head Dock Def 33.7026 -118.0542
755255 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-20 Fuel Depot Def 33.7440 -118.2358
755256 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-20 LA/Long Beach Coast Guard Pier Def 33.7233 -118.2685
755257 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-20 Loading Dock at Bumper Pad #51 Def 33.7410 -118.2746
755258 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-20 Slip D-50 Def 33.7165 -118.2801
755259 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Backside of Working Container Ship Pier Def 33.7667 -118.2774
755260 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Draw Bridge Def 33.7645 -118.2428
755261 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Long Beach Downtown Marina - ISS Def 33.7594 -118.1866
755262 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Super Mexico Pier Def 33.7708 -118.2113
755263 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-22 Marina del Rey Harbor Entrance Def 33.9702 -118.4496
755264 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-22 NW Corner of Harbor Def 33.9830 -118.4564
755265 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 America's Cup Harbor Def 32.7239 -117.2240
755266 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 Marine Terminal (Paco) Def 32.6584 -117.1191
755267 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 San Diego Bay Cruise Ship Terminal Def 32.7168 -117.1759
755268 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Dana Inn Marina Def 32.7671 -117.2362
755269 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Hilton Resort Dock Def 32.7788 -117.2127
755270 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Seaforth Def 32.7621 -117.2365
755271 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Ski Islands Marina Def 32.7939 -117.2232
755272 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Dana Point Harbor Mouth Slip Def 33.4594 -117.6941
755273 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Middle Harbor Yacht Slip Def 33.2106 -117.3960
755274 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Ocean Institute Dock Def 33.4622 -117.7063
755275 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Oceanside Commercial Fishing Dock Def 33.2057 -117.3897
755276 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-06 Ferry Terminal Docks Def 33.3442 -118.3225
755277 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-06 The Tuna Club Def 33.3461 -118.3268
755278 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-16 Breakwater Cove Marina Def 36.6090 -121.8936
755279 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-16 Fisherman's Wharf near Monterey Fish Company Def 36.6039 -121.8895
755280 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-16 Harbormaster Launch Ramp Def 36.6023 -121.8907
755281 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-02 Golden Hinde Small Marina Def 38.1078 -122.8623
755282 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-03 NE Corner of Bay Def 38.3340 -123.0511
755283 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-03 SE Side of Bay Def 38.3258 -123.0410
755284 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-06 Tomales Bay Boat Launch Def 38.1991 -122.9220
755285 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-21 B-Dock Def 36.8027 -121.7851
755286 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-21 Middle of the Slough Def 36.8112 -121.7793
755287 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-29 Aquaculture Floats Def 40.8285 -124.1648
755288 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-29 Dilapidated Dock Area Def 40.7291 -124.2198
755289 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-29 Eureka Boat Launch Def 40.8040 -124.1766
758250 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 America's Cup Harbor Def 32.7239 -117.2240
758251 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 Bulk Carrier Terminal Def 32.6969 -117.1526
758252 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 Harbor Island Marina Def 32.7266 -117.2128
758253 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 San Diego Bay Commercial Fishing Fleet Def 32.7109 -117.1739
758254 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 San Diego Bay Cruise Ship Terminal Def 32.7168 -117.1759
758255 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 SIO Nimitz Marine Facility Def 32.7078 -117.2368
758256 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 Shelter Island Marina Def 32.7180 -117.2255
758257 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Chula Vista Marina Def 32.6225 -117.1023
758258 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Coronado Cays Def 32.6274 -117.1329
758259 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Coronado Wharf Def 32.6992 -117.1684
758260 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Derelict Graveyard Def 32.6477 -117.1269
758261 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Glorietta Bay Def 32.6796 -117.1740
758262 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Kelco Dock Def 32.6927 -117.1470
758263 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Marine Terminal (Paco) Def 32.6584 -117.1191
758264 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Ballast Point Def 32.6861 -117.2348
758265 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Navy - 28th St. Def 32.6836 -117.1311
758266 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Navy - Carrier Base Def 32.7062 -117.1886
758267 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Navy - Seventh St. Def 32.6699 -117.1212
758268 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 America's Cup Harbor Def 32.7239 -117.2240
758269 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Bulk Carrier Terminal Def 32.6969 -117.1526
758270 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Coronado Cays Def 32.6274 -117.1329
758271 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Kelco Dock Def 32.6927 -117.1470
758272 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Marine Terminal (Paco) Def 32.6584 -117.1191
758273 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 San Diego Bay Commercial Fishing Fleet Def 32.7109 -117.1739
758274 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Switzer Creek Def 32.7043 -117.1615
758275 Wasson et al. 2001 (Elkhorn Slough Survey) 1998 Elkhorn Slough Station 2 (Moss Landing Harbor) Def 36.8019 -121.7854
758276 Wasson et al. 2001 (Elkhorn Slough Survey) 1998 Elkhorn Slough Station 3 (Skipper's) Def 36.8104 -121.7863
758277 Wasson et al. 2001 (Elkhorn Slough Survey) 1998 Elkhorn Slough Station 4 (Vierra's, just SE of Hwy 1 bridge) Def 36.8090 -121.7841
758278 Wasson et al. 2001 (Elkhorn Slough Survey) 1998 Elkhorn Slough Station 5 (South Marsh Trail, near footbridge) Def 36.8193 -121.7378
758279 Wasson et al. 2001 (Elkhorn Slough Survey) 1998 Elkhorn Slough Station 6 (Whistlestop Lagoon) Def 36.8230 -121.7417
758280 de Rivera et al. 2005 2003 Seaforth Marina, Mission Bay Def 32.7630 -117.2373
758281 de Rivera et al. 2005 2003 Chula Vista Marina, San Diego Bay Def 32.6244 -117.1038
758282 de Rivera et al. 2005 2004 Vintage Marina, Oxnard Def 34.1715 -119.2288
758283 de Rivera et al. 2005 2003 Monterey Marina Def 36.6092 -121.8920
758284 de Rivera et al. 2005 2003 Moss Landing, North Def 36.8136 -121.7878
758285 de Rivera et al. 2005 2003 Moss Landing, South Def 36.8016 -121.7853
758286 de Rivera et al. 2005 2003 North Marsh Def 36.8346 -121.7384
758287 de Rivera et al. 2005 2003 Vierra Def 36.8111 -121.7783
758288 de Rivera et al. 2005 2004 Mason's Marina Def 38.3321 -123.0588
758289 de Rivera et al. 2005 2004 Porto Bodega Marina Def 38.3344 -123.0526
758290 Boyd et al. 2002 2002 Fields Landing Channel HB, St. 40 Def 40.7348 -124.2203
758291 Cohen et al. 2002 2000 2000-08-28 Seaforth Landing Def 32.7644 -117.2381
758292 Cohen et al. 2002 2000 2000-08-24 Watchorn Basin Def 33.7203 -118.2764
758293 Cohen et al. 2002 2000 2000-08-24 Newmark's Yacht Harbor Def 33.7644 -118.2497
758294 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-23 Sierra Point Marina, San Francisco Bay Def 37.6732 -122.3807
758295 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-26 Richmond Marina Boat Ramp, San Francisco Bay Def 37.9139 -122.3542
758296 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-27 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay Def 37.5907 -122.3180
758297 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-24 Fruitvale Bridge, San Francisco Bay Def 37.7690 -122.2296
819201 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 San Leandro None 37.6580 -122.2217
819202 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Redwood City None 37.5574 -122.1755
819203 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Coyote Point None 37.5987 -122.3252
819204 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 None None
819205 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Corte Madera None 37.9309 -122.4819
819206 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Oyster Point None 37.6805 -122.3731
819207 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Richardson Bay None 37.8788 -122.4759
819208 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Emeryville None 37.8596 -122.3152
819209 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Ballena Isle None 37.7643 -122.2978
819410 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Fairhaven terminal None 40.7842 -124.1983
819411 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Eureka marina None 40.8026 -124.1810
819412 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Schneider dock None 40.7992 -124.1848
819413 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Redwood marine terminal None 40.8078 -124.1869
819414 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Woodley island None 40.8097 -124.1538
819415 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Sierra pacific None 40.8155 -124.1822
819416 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Redwood chip export None 40.7999 -124.1915
819417 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 US Coast guard None 40.7750 -124.2090
819418 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Forest products None 40.7304 -124.2193
819419 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Fields landing None 40.7378 -124.2218

References

Leclerc, Jean-Charles; Viard, Fredérique (2017) Habitat formation prevails over predation in influencing fouling communities, Ecology and Evolution 7: 477-492

Marasinghe, M. M. K.I ; Ranatunga, R. R. M .K. P. Anil, Arga C. (2018) Settlement of non-native Watersipora subtorquata (d'Orbigny, 1852) in artificial collectors deployed in Colombo Port, Sri Lanka, BioInvasions Records 7: 7-14

Abdel-Salam, Kh. M.; Ramadan, Sh. E. (2008) Fouling Bryozoa from some Alexandria harbours, Egypt. (II) Encrusting species, Mediterranean Marine Science 9(2): 5-20

Abdelsalam, Khaled Mahmood (2018) First record of the exotic lysmatid shrimp Lysmata vittata (Stimpson, 1860) (Decapoda: Caridea: Lysmatidae) from the Egyptian Mediterranean coast, Mediterranean Marine Science 19(1): 124-131

Allen, F. E. (1953) Distribution of marine invertebrates by ships, Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 4(2): 307-316

Ashton, Gail; Davidson, Ian; Ruiz, Gregory (2014) Transient small boats as a long-distance coastal vector for dispersal of biofouling organisms, Estuaries and Coasts 37: 1572-1581

Australian Museum Business Services (2002) <missing title>, Australian Museum Business Services, for Sydney Ports Corporation, Sydney. Pp. <missing location>

Baker, H. R. (1984) Diversity and zoogeography of marine Tubificidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta), with notes on variation in widespread species, Hydrobiologia 115: 191-196

Banta, W. C. (1969) The recent introduction of Watersipora arcuata Banta (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) as a fouling pest in Southern California, Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 68: 248-251

Barnes, Robert D. (1983) Invertebrate Zoology, Saunders, Philadelphia. Pp. 883

Birdsey, Emma M.; Johnston, Emma L.; Poore, Alistair G. B. (2012) Diversity and cover of a sessile animal assemblage does not predict its associated mobile fauna, Marine Biology 15: <missing location>

Boyd, Milton J.; Mulligan, Tim J; Shaughnessy, Frank J. (2002) <missing title>, California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento. Pp. 1-118

Brock, Brian J. (1985) Bryozoa: Ordovician to Recent, Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg. Pp. 45-49

Campbell, Marnie L] ; Hewitt, Chad L.[ Miles, Joel (2016) Marine pests in paradise: capacity building, awareness raising and preliminary introduced species port survey results in the Republic of Palau, Biological Invasions 7(4): 351-363

Canning-Clode, João; Fofonoff, Paul; McCann, Linda; Carlton, James T.; Ruiz, Gregory (2013) Marine invasions on a subtropical island: fouling studies and new records in a recent marina on Madeira Island (Eastern Atlantic Ocean), Aquatic Invasions 8(3): 261-270

Carlton, James T. (1979) History, biogeography, and ecology of the introduced marine and estuarine invertebrates of the Pacific Coast of North America., Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Davis. Pp. 1-904

Carlton, James T.; Eldredge, Lucius (2009) Marine bioinvasions of Hawaii: The introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine animals and plants of the Hawaiian archipelago., Bishop Museum Bulletin in Cultural and Environmental Studies 4: 1-202

Cesar-Aldariz, J.; Fernandez, E.; Reverter-Gil, O. (1997) Briozoos de la costa Lugo (N. O. Espana), Nova Acta Cientifica Compostelana (Bioloxia) 7: 207-220

Chainho, Paula and 20 additional authors (2015) Non-indigenous species in Portuguese coastal areas, lagoons, estuaries, and islands, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science <missing volume>: <missing location>

Clark, Graeme F.; Johnston, Emma L (2009) Propagule pressure and disturbance interact to overcome biotic resistance of marine invertebrate communities, Oikos 118: 1679-1686

Clark, Graeme F.; Johnston, Emma L. (2010) Temporal change in the diversity-invasibility relationship in the presence of a disturbance regime, Ecology Letters 14: 52-57

Cockrell, Marcy L.; Sorte, Cascade J.B. (2013) Predicting climate-induced changes in population dynamics of invasive species in a marine epibenthic community, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 440: 42-48

Cohen, Andrew N. 2005-2024 Exotics Guide- Non-native species of the North American Pacific Coat. https://www.exoticsguide.org/



Cohen, Andrew N. and 10 authors (2005) <missing title>, San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland CA. Pp. <missing location>

Cohen, Andrew N. and 12 authors (2002) Project report for the Southern California exotics expedition 2000: a rapid assessment survey of exotic species in sheltered coastal waters., In: (Eds.) . , Sacramento CA. Pp. 1-23

Cohen, Andrew N.; Carlton, James T. (1995) Nonindigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary: a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Sea Grant College Program (Connecticut Sea Grant), Washington DC, Silver Spring MD.. Pp. <missing location>

Cohen, Andrew N.; Zabin, Chela J. (2009) Oyster shells as vectors for exotic organisms, Journal of Shellfish Research 28(1): 163-167

Coles, S. L.; Reath, P. R.; Skelton, P. A.; Bonito, V; DeFelice; Basch, L. (2003) Introduced marine species in Pago Pago Harbor, Fagatele Bay and the National Park Coast, American Samoa., Bishop Museum Technical Report 26: 1-24

Coutts, Ashley D. M.; Moore, Kirrily M.; Hewitt, Chad L. (2003) Ships' sea-chests: an overlooked transfer mechanism for non-indigenous marine species., Marine Pollution Bulletin 46: 1504-1515

Cranfield, H.J.; Gordon, D.P.; Willan, R.C.; Marshall, B.A; Battershill, C.N.; Francis, M.P.; Nelson, W.A.; Glasby, C.J.; Read, G.B. (1998) <missing title>, The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand. Pp. <missing location>

Creary, Marcia M. (2003) A simplified field guide to the bryozoan species found on the roots of the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) in and around Kingston Harbour, Jamaica, W.I., Bulletin of Marine Science 73(2): 521-526

Creary, Marcia; Webber, Mona (2009) <missing title>, Environmental Foundation of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica. Pp. 1-18

Crivellaro, Marcelo Schuler; Candido, Davi Volney; ilveira, Thiago Cesar Lima; Fonseca, Adriana Carvalhal; Segal, Barbara ´ (2022) A tool for a race against time: Dispersal simulations to support ongoing monitoring program of the invasive coral Tubastraea coccinea, Marine Pollution Bulletin 185(114354): Published online
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114354

Currie, D. R.; McArthur, M. A.; Cohen, B. F. (1999) Exotic Marine Pests in the Port of Geelong, Victoria, In: Hewitt, Campbell, Thresher & Martin(Eds.) Marine Biological Invasions of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. , Hobart, Tasmania. Pp. 227-246

David, Andrew A.; Cote, Sara C. (2019) Genetic evidence confirms the presence of the Japanese mystery snail, Cipangopaludina japonica (von Martens, 1861) (Caenogastropoda: Viviparidae) in northern New York, BioInvasions Records 8: 793-803

de Rivera, Catherine, and 27 authors (2005) Broad-scale non-indigenous species monitoring along the West Coast in National Marine Sanctuaries and National Estuarine Research Reserves report to National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Washington, D.C.. Pp. <missing location>

Duncan, Meredyth; Chow, Benson; Myron, Kevin; Stone, Jaden; Hubbell, Mark; Schriock, Elizabeth; Hunt, Carol; Khtikian, W. Kent ; Cohen, C. Sarah (2022) First report of genetic data from two invasive Watersipora (Bryozoa) species in the central California coast rocky intertidal, Aquatic Invasions 17: Published online

Eitan, G. (1972) Additions to the bryozoan fauna of the Suez canal., Israel Journal of Zoology 21: 377-384

Fairey, Russell; Dunn, Roslyn; Sigala, Marco; Oliver, John (2002) Introduced aquatic species in California's coastal waters: Final Report, California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento. Pp. <missing location>

Ferreira-Rodriguez, Noe; Pavel, Ana Bianca; Cogalniceanu, Dan (2021) Integrating expert opinion and traditional ecological knowledge in invasive alien species management: Corbicula in Eastern Europe as a model, Biological Invasions 23: 1087-1099

Floerl, Oliver; Pool, Thomas K.; Inglin, Graeme J. (2004) Positive interactions between nonindigenous species facilitate transport by human vectors., Ecological Applications 14(6): 1724-1736

Florence, Wayne K.; Hayward. Peter J.; Gibbons, Mark J. (2007) Taxonomy of shallow-water Bryozoa from the west coast of South Africa, African Natural History 3: 1-58

Gauff, Robin P. M.; Bouchoucha, Marc; Curd, Amelia; Droual, Gabin; Evrard, Justine; Gayet, Nicolas; Nunes. Flavia (2023) First joint morphological and molecular detection of Watersipora subatra in the Mediterranean Sea presented in an updated genus phylogeny to resolve taxonomic confusion, Aquatic Invasions 18(3): 295-312

Glasby, Tim M.; Connell, Sean D.; Holloway, Michael G.; Chad L. Hewitt (2007) Nonindigenous biota on artificial structures: could habitat creation facilitate biological invasions?, Marine Biology 151: 887-895

Goddard, Jeffrey H. R.; Love, Milton S. (2010) Megabenthic invertebrates on shell mounds associated with oil and gas platforms off California, Bulletin of Marine Science 86: 533-554

Gordon, D. P. (1989) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Cheilostomida Ascophorina) from the Western South Island continental shelf and slope., New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 97: 5-95

Gordon, Dennis P. (2016) Bryozoa of the South China Sea: an overview, Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 34: 604-618

Gordon, Dennis P.; Mawatari, S.F. (1992) Atlas of marine-fouling bryozoa of New Zealand ports and harbors., Miscellaneous Publications of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute 107: 1-52

Green, Stephanie J. and 7 authors (2021) Broad-scale acoustic telemetry reveals long-distance movements and large home ranges for invasive lionfish on Atlantic coral reefs, Marine Ecology Progress Series 673: 117-134

Grey, Erin K. (2009) Scale-dependent relationships between native richness, resource stability and exotic cover in dock fouling communities of Washington, USA, Diversity and Distributions 15: 1073-1080

Harmelin, Jean-Georges (2014) Alien bryozoans in the eastern Mediterranean Sea- new records from the coast of Lebanon, Zootaxa 3893: 301-338

Hart, Simon P.; Keough, Michael J. (2009) Does size predict demographic fate? Modular demography and constraints on growth determine response to decreases in size, Ecology 90(6): 1670-1678

Hart, Simon P.; Burgin, Jacqueline R.; Marshall, Dustin J. (2012) Revisiting competition in a classic model system using formal links between theory and data, Ecology 93(12): 2015-2022

Hayward, Peter J.; McKinney, Frank K. (2002) Northern Adriatic Bryozoa from the vicinity of Rovinj, Croatia., Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 270: 1-139

Hedge, Luke H.; Johnston, Emma L. (2012) Propagule pressure determines recruitment from a commercial shipping pier, Biofouling 28(1): 73-85

Huang, Zongguo (Ed.), Junda Lin (Translator) (2001) Marine Species and Their Distributions in China's Seas, Krieger, Malabar, FL. Pp. <missing location>

Inglis, Graeme and 6 authors (2006e) Whangarei Harbour (Whangarei Port and Marsden Point: Baseline survey for non-indigenous species, Biosecurity New Zealand Technical Paper 2005(16): 1-52

Invasive Species Specialist Group 2001-2016 100 Of The World's Worst Invasive Species. <missing URL>



Kelso, Antoinette; Wyse Jackson, Patrick N. (2012) Invasive bryozoans in Ireland: first record of Watersipora subtorquata (d'Orbigny, 1852) and an extension of the range of Tricellaria inopinata d’Hondt and Occhipinti Ambrogi, 1985, Bioinvasion Records 1(3): 209-214

Keough, M. J. ; Ross, J. (1999) Introduced fouling species in Port Phillip Bay., In: Hewitt, C. L.; Campbell; M.;Thresher, R.; Martin,(Eds.) Marine Biological Invasions of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. , Hobart, Tasmania. Pp. 193-225

Kim, Daemin; Taylor, Andrew T.; Near, Thomas J. (2022) Phylogenomics and species delimitation of the economically important Black Basses (Micropterus), Scientific Reports 12(9113): Published online
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11743-2

Koçak, Ferah (2007) Bryozoan assemblages at some marinas in the Aegean Sea, JMBA2- Biodiversity Records (online) <missing volume>: <missing location>

Kocak, Ferah (2023) Alien bryozoan species along the Aegean coast of Turkey, Cahiers de Biologie Marine 64: 137-151
DOI: 10.21411/CBM.A.B3634AD9

Lange, Rolanda; Marshall, Dustin J. (2016) Relative contributions of offspring quality and environmental quality to adult field performance, Oikos 125: 210-217

Laruson, Aki J.; Craig, Sean F.; Messer, Kirk J.; Mackie, Joshua A. (2012) Rapid and reliable inference of mitochondrial phylogroups among Watersipora species, an invasive group of ship-fouling species (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), Conservation Genetic Resources 4: 617-619

Leca, L.; d'Hondt, J.-L. (1993) [Hippopetraliella tahitiensis n. sp. n. sp., a new Cheilostome bryozoan (Petraliellidae) from French Polynesia], Cahiers de Biologie Marine 34: 401-209

Leonard, Kaeden; Hewitt , Chad L. Campbell, Marnie L.; Carmen Primo; Miller, Steven D. (2017) Epibiotic pressure contributes tobiofouling invader success, Scientific Reports <missing volume>(173): <missing location>

Li, C. Y. (1989) Collections of Papers on Marine Ecology in the Daya Bay, Third Institute of Oceanography (SOA) China Ocean Press, China. Pp. 106-111

Lins, Daniel M. ; Rocha, Rosana M. (2023) Marine aquaculture as a source of propagules of invasive fouling species , Polar Biology 11(e5456): Published online

Liu, Wenliang; Liang, Xiaoli ; Zhu, Xiaojing (2015) A new record and mitochondrial identification of Synidotea laticauda Benedict, 1897 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera: Idoteidae) from the Yangtze Estuary, China, Zootaxa 4294: 371-380

Long, Edward R.; Rucker, James B. (1969) A comparative study of cheilostome bryozoa at Yokosuka, Maizuru, and Sasebo, Japan, Pacific Science 23: 56-69

Looby, Audrey; Ginsburg, David W. (2021) Nearshore species biodiversity of a marine protected area off Santa Catalina Island, California, Western North American Naturalist 81(1): 113-130

Lord, Joshua P.; Calini, Jeremy M.; Whitlatch, Robert B. (2015) Influence of seawater temperature and shipping on the spread and establishment of marine fouling species, Marine Biology 162: 2481-2492

Mackie, Joshua A.; Darling, John A.; Geller, Jonathan B. (2012) Ecology of cryptic invasions: latitudinal segregation among Watersipora (Bryozoa) species, Scientific Reports 2(871): 1-10

Mackie, Joshua A.; Keough, Michael J.; Christidis, Les (2006) Invasion patterns inferred from cytochrome oxidase I sequences in three bryozoans, Bugula neritina, Watersipora subtorquata; and Watersipora arcuata., Marine Biology 149: 285-295

Mackie, Joshua A.; Wostenberg, Darren; Doan, Michael; Craig, Sean F. ; Darling, John A. (2014) High-throughput Illumina sequencing and microsatellite design in Watersipora (Bryozoa), a complex of invasive species, Conservation Genetic Resources 6: 1053-1055

Marraffini, M. L.; Geller, J. B. (2015) Species richness and interacting factors control invasibility of a marine community, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 282: Published online

McKenzie, Louise A.; Brooks, Robert C.; Johnston, Emma L. (2012b) A widespread contaminant enhances invasion success of a marine invader, Journal of Applied Ecology 49(4): 767-773

McKenzie, Louise A.; Brooks, Rob; Johnston, Emma L. (2011) Heritable pollution tolerance in a marine invader, Environmental Research 111: 926-932

McKenzie, Louise A.; Johnston, Emma L.; Brooks, Robert (2012a) Using clones and copper to resolve the genetic architecture of metal tolerance in a marine invader, Ecology and Evolution 2(6): 1319-1329

Mead, A.; Carlton, J. T.; Griffiths, C. L.; Rius, M. (2011a) Revealing the scale of marine bioinvasions in developing regions: a South African re-assessment, Biological Invasions 13(9): 1991-2008

Mead, A.; Carlton, J. T.; Griffiths, C. L. Rius, M. (2011b) Introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine species of South Africa, Journal of Natural History 39-40: 2463-2524

Mook, David (1983) Indian River fouling organisms, a review, Florida Scientist 26(3/4): 162-167

Moran, Z.; Orth, D. J.; Schmitt, J. D.; Hallerman. E.; Aguilar, R. (2016) Effectiveness of DNA barcoding for identifying piscine prey items in stomach contents of piscivorous catfishes , Environmental Biology of Fishes 19: 161–167
DOI 10.1007/s10641-015-0448-

Needles, Lisa A. (2007) <missing title>, M.S. Thesis, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Pp. <missing location>

Needles, Lisa A.; Gosnell, J. Stephen; Waltz, Grant T.; Wendt, Dean E.; Gaines, Steven D. (2015) Trophic cascades in an invaded ecosystem: native keystone predators facilitate a dominant invader in an estuarine community, Oikos 124: 1282-1292

Needles, Lisa A.; Wendt, Dean E. (2013) Big changes to a small bay: Introduced species and long-term compositional shifts to the fouling community of Morro Bay (CA), Biological Invasions 15(6): 1231-1251

Nunn, Julia; Minchin, Dan 2013 Marine non-native invasive species in Northern Ireland. <missing URL>



Nyberg, Cecilia D.; Thomsen, Mads S.; Wallentinus, Inger (2009) Flora and fauna associated with the introduced red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla, European Journal of Phycology 44(3): 395-403

Osburn, R. C. (1914) The Bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands, Florida, Papers from the Tortugas Islands Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution 5: 181-222

Osburn, Raymond C. (1940) Bryozoa of Porto Rico, N. Y. Academy of Sciences - Scientific Survey of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands 16(3): 321-486

Page, Henry M.; Dugan, Jenifer E.; Culver, Carolynn S.; Hoesterey, Justin C. (2006) Exotic invertebrate species on offshore oil platforms., Marine Ecology Progress Series 325: 101-107

Panicz, R., Eljasik, P.; Wrzecionkowski, K.; Smietana, N. Biernaczyk. M. (2022) First report and molecular analysis of population stability of the invasive Gulf wedge clam, Rangia cuneata (G.B. Sowerby I, 1832) in the Pomerian Bay (Southern Baltic Sea), European Journal of Zoology 89(1): 568-578
https://doi.org/10.1080/24750263.2022.2061612

Pestana, L. B.; Dias, G. M.; Marques, A. C . (2021) Spatial and temporal diversity of non-native biofouling species associated with marinas in two Angolan bays, African Journal of Marine Science 42(4): 413-422

Piola, Richard F.; Johnston, Emma L. (2006a) Differential resistance to extended copper exposure in four introduced bryozoans., Marine Ecology Progress Series 311: 103-114

Pister, Benjamin (2009) Urban marine ecology in southern California: the ability of riprap structures to serve as rocky intertidal habitat, Marine Biology 156: 861-873

Pollard, D.A.; Pethebridge, R.L. (2002) Report on Port of Botany Bay: Introduced marine pest species survey, NSW Fisheries Final Report Series 40: 1-69

Pongparadon, Supattra; Zuccarello, Giuseppe C.; Prathep, Anchana (2017) High morpho-anatomical variability in Halimeda macroloba (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) in Thai waters, Phycological Research 65: 136-145
doi: 10.1111/pre.12172

Quintanilla, Elena; Thomas Wilke; Ramırez-Portilla, Catalina; Sarmiento, Adriana; Sanchez, Juan A. () , None <missing volume>: <missing location>

Revanales, Triana; Guerra-García, José M.; Ros, Macarena (2022) Colonization dynamics of potential stowaways inhabiting marinas: Lessons from caprellid crustaceans, Water 14(2659.): Published online
doi.org/10.3390/w14172659

Rodriguez, Laura F.; Ibarra-Obando, Silvia E. (2008) Cover and colonization of commercial oyster (Crassostrea gigas) shells by fouling organisms in San Quintin Bay, Mexico, Journal of Shellfish Research 27(2): 337-343

Rogers, Tanya L.; Byrnes, Jarrett E.; Stachowicz, John J. (2016) Native predators limit invasion of benthic invertebrate communities in Bodega Harbor, California, USA, Marine Ecology Progress Series 545: 161-173

Ruiz, Gregory M.; Geller, Jonathan (2018) Spatial and temporal analysis of marine invasions in California, Part II: Humboldt Bay, Marina del Re, Port Hueneme, and San Francisco Bay, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center & Moss Landing Laboratories, Edgewater MD, Moss Landing CA. Pp. <missing location>

Ryland, J. S. (1971) Bryozoa (Polyzoa) and marine fouling., In: Gareth Jones E.B; Eltringham, S. K.(Eds.) Marine Borers, fungi and fouling organisms of wood. , Paris. Pp. 137-154

Ryland, John S.; De Blauwe, Hans; Lord, Richard; Mackie, Joshua A. (2009) Recent discoveries of alien Watersipora (Bryozoa) in Western Europe, with redescriptions of species, Zootaxa 2093: 43-59

Sams, Michael A.; Keough, Michael J.1 AND MICHAEL J. KEOUGH (2012) Contrasting effects of variable species recruitment on marine sessile communities, Ecology 93: 1134-1146

Sellheim, Kirsten; Stachowicz, John J.; Coates, R. Cameron (2010) Effects of a nonnative habitat-forming species on mobile and sessile epifaunal communities, Marine Ecology Progress Series 398: 69-80

Seo, Ji Eun (1999) Taxonomic review of Korean Watersipora (Bryozoa, Gymnolaemata, Cheilostomata)., Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology 15(2): 221-229

Smale, Dan A.; Wernberg, Thomas (2012) Short-term in situ warming influences early development of sessile assemblages, Marine Ecology Progress Series 453: 129-136

Soors, Jan; Faasse, Marco; Stevens, Maarten; Verbessem, Ingrid; De Regge, Nico;Van den Bergh, Ericia (2010) New crustacean invaders in the Schelde estuary (Belgium), Belgian Journal of Zoology 140: 3-10

Sorte, Cascade J. B.; Stachowicz, John J. (2011) Patterns and processes of compositional change in a California epibenthic community, Marine Ecology Progress Series 435: 63-74

Sorte, Cascade, J. B.; Williams, Susan L.; Zerebecki, Robyn A. (2010) Ocean warming increases threat of invasive species in a marine fouling community, Ecology 91(8): 2198-2204

Soule, Dorothy F.; Soule, John D.; Morris, Penny A.; Chaney, Henry A (2007) The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon (4th edition), University of California Press, Berkeley CA. Pp. 866-904

Stachowicz, John J.; Byrnes, Jarrett E. (2006) Species diversity, invasion success, and ecosystem functioning: disentangling the influence of resource competition, facilitation, and extrinsic factors., Marine Ecology Progress Series 311: 251-262

Stafford, Nathaniel B.; Bell, Susan S. (2006) Space competition between seagrass and Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskal) Lamouroux following simulated disturbances in Lassing Park,FL, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 333: 49-57

Svanfeldt, Karin ; Monro, Keyne; Marshall, Dustin J. (2017) Dispersal duration mediates selection on offspring size, Oikos 126: 480-487,

U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2002-2021 Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database. http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/



Vail, Lyle L.; Wass, Robin E. (1981) Experimental studies on the settlement and growth of Bryozoa in the natural environment., Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 32: 639-656

van Soest, R. W. M. (1976) First European record of Haliclona loosanoffi Hartman, 1958 (Porifera, Haplosclerida), a species hitherto known only from the New England coast (U.S.A.)., Beaufortia 24(316): 177-187

Vieira, Leandro M.; Jones, Mary Spencer; Taylor, Paul D. (2014) The identity of the invasive fouling bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata (d’Orbigny) and some other congeneric species, Zootaxa 3857: 151-182

Vieira, Leandro M.; Migotto, Alvaro E.; Winston, Judith E. (2008) Synopsis and annotated checklist of Recent marine Bryozoa from Brazil, Zootaxa 1810: 1-39

Wasson, Kerstin; Zabin, C. J.; Bedinger, L.; Diaz, M. C.; Pearse J. S. (2001) Biological invasions of estuaries without international shipping: the importance of intraregional transport, Biological Conservation 102: 143-153

Wiltshire, K.; Rowling, K.; Deveney, M. (2010) <missing title>, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide. Pp. 1-232

Winston, Judith E. (1977) Distribution and ecology of estuarine ectoprocts: a critical review., Chesapeake Science 18(1): 34-57

Winston, Judith E. (1982) Marine bryozoans (Ectoprocta) of the Indian River area (Florida)., Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 173: 99-176

Winston, Judith E. (1986) An annotated checklist of coral-associated bryozoans, American Museum Novitates 2859: 1-39

Winston, Judith E. (1995) Ectoproct diversity of the Indian River coastal lagoon, Bulletin of Marine Science 57(1): 84-93

Winston, Judith E. (2010) Stability and change in the Indian River area bryozoan fauna over a twenty-four year period, Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences 38: 229-239

Wyatt, Alex S. J.; Hewitt, Chad L.; Walker, Di I.; Ward, Trevor J. (2005) Marine introductions in the Shark Bay world heritage property, Western Australia: a preliminary assessment., Diversity and Distributions 11: 33-44

Zabin, Chela J.; Marraffini, Michelle; Lonhart, Steve I.; McCann, Linda · Ceballos, Lina; King, Chad (2018) Non-native species colonization of highly diverse, wave swept outer coast habitats in central california, Marine Biology 165(31): Published online

Zerebecki, Robyn A.; Sorte, Cascade J. B. (2011) Temperature tolerance and stress proteins as mechanisms of invasive species success, PLOS ONE 6(4): e14806, online