Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1832
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1871
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 1832

General Invasion History:

Myosotella myostis is native to the eastern Atlantic coastlines from the British Isles and western Baltic to the Mediterranean, where it inhabits the upper intertidal of salt marshes (Meyer 1955; Seelemann 1968; Bruydonycx et al. 2000). It has been introduced to the northwest Atlantic from Nova Scotia to the West Indies, the eastern Pacific from Washington to California, and the coasts of South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand (Morrison 1963; Abbott 1974; Carlton 1979; Carlton 1992; Smith 1992; Martins 1996; Orensanz et al. 2002). Morrison (1963) noted that 'In my opinion this species has been introduced accidentally to every locality in which it is now living in the Western hemisphere. At least on the Atlantic coast of the United States, every such locality known to me is either a port or an oyster wharf. Because of the life history, which is known to include 'crawl away' young instead of a pelagic stage, Phytia (Myosotella) myostis still shows the same spotty distribution, many years after it first reached those places'. Likely vectors include dry ballast, cargo, and transplanted oysters. While this snail does not normally occur on oyster beds, transplanted oysters were often temporarily stored on shorelines or docks, where these snails are likely (Morrison 1963; Carlton 1992).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Myosotella myosotis was first recorded on the West Coast in San Francisco Bay in 1871 (Cooper 1872, cited by Carlton 1979). Given intense shell-collecting in the area, this snail was probably discovered soon after its introduction. It spread rapidly with shipping, and probably with oyster transplants, reaching Humboldt Bay by 1876, Los Angeles by 1915, and Puget Sound by 1936 (Carlton 1979; Carlton 1992). The current range on the West Coast is from Ojo de Liebre Lagoon (formally known as Scammon’s Lagoon), Mexico (Carlton 1979) to Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Carlton 1979; Gillespie et al. 2007). This snail is found both in major port cities, but also in smaller ports where aquaculture, fishing, and recreational boating predominated. Myosotella myosotis is common under logs and other shore debris at the edge of marshes (Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995; McLean 2007).

Invasion History on the East Coast:

On the East Coast, Myosotella myosotis was first reported from Narragansett Bay, Newport, Rhode Island as Melampus borealis by T. A. Conrad in 1832 (cited by Martins 1996). Gould (1841) described it (under the name Auricularia denticulata) as occurring in 'decaying wharves, about and below the high water mark', probably in the Boston Harbor and nearby ports. Stimpson (1851) in the 'Shells of New England' adds: 'It is perhaps an imported species'. By 1873, it was known to occur from Nova Scotia to Cape May, New Jersey (Gould 1870; Verrill and Smith 1873). It was collected in Chesapeake Bay in 1900 (Pilsbry 1900) and in Charleston, South Carolina in 1913 (Masyck 1913, cited by Harrison and Knott 2007). The southernmost record on the East Coast is from St. Augustine, Florida in 1997 (Florida Museum of Natural History 2013). The later appearance and scarcity of records in the south could represent the slower spread of the species or perhaps just less intense collecting.

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

Myosotella myostis has been widely transported around the world by shipping, often being described as a new species, producing a complex taxonomy with over 95 listed synonyms (Martins 1996). It has been introduced to Bermuda and Peru as Alexia bermudensis Adams 1855, South Africa as Alexia pulchella Morelet 1899, and South Australia as Auricula meridonalis Brazier 1877 (Martins 1996). This species was introduced to the southeast coast of South America by 1974 (Figueras and Sicardi 1974, cited by Orensanz et al. 2002). This snail does not appear to have become established in tropical regions.


Description

Myosotella myosotis is a small, semi-terrestrial snail, occurring on the upper edges of salt-marshes and pilings. Its shell is ovate-fusiform and dextrally coiled with a pointed spire. It has 7-8 whorls, with a distinct suture and sometimes a spiral marginal line. The inner lip of adult shells has three white folds, with the lowest one formed by the lower lip. The outer lip has three inner teeth. The umbilicus is minute. The shell is dark-brown to purplish brown. Adult snails are 5-12 mm long. Considerable variability occurs in shape and color, even within populations (Bousfield 1960; Abbott 1974; Martins 1996).

This snail has a very complex taxonomy. Martins (1996) listed 97 synonyms. We have been selective, focusing primarily on names used in North American waters.


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Mollusca
Class:   Gastropoda
Order:   Archaeopulmonata
Family:   Ellobiidae
Genus:   Myosotella
Species:   myosotis

Synonyms

Convulvulus myosotis (None, None)
Alexia bermudensis (H. & A. Adams, 1855)
Alexia myosotis (Pfieffer, 1854)
Alexia myostis marylandica (Pilsbry, 1900)
Alexia setifer (Cooper, 1872)
Auricularia myosotis (Draparnaud , 1801)
Carychium myosotis (None, None)
Carychium personatum (Micahud, 1831)
Melampus myostis (Jeffreys, 1869)
Ovatella myosotis (Meyer, 1955)
Phytia myosotis (Beck, 1837)
Voluta denticulata (Montagu, 1803)
Auricula myosotis (Draparnaud, 1801)
Melampus borealis (Conrad, 1832)
Auricula denticulata var. borealis (De Kay, 1843)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Detracia bulloides
Bubble Melampus: native from Florida and Bermuda, somewhat similar shell shape (Abbott 1974)

Ecology

General:

Myosotella myosotis is a small, air-breathing semi-terrestrial snail, occurring on the upper edges of salt-marshes and pilings. It is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. Individuals copulate, exchanging sperm and fertilizing their eggs (Barnes 1983; Ruthensteiner and Stocker 2009). The eggs are laid in masses on the substrate and develop directly into small snails. Egg development takes ~18 days at 20°C (Seelemann 1968). The snails hatch out at about 0.35 mm shell length and reach maturity at 5-10 mm in length (Martins 1996). Adults lay an average of ~550 eggs (Seelemann 1968).

Myosotella myosotis normally inhabits damp soil, wood, and vegetation above the waterline. Adults from the Mediterranean and Baltic survived 10-25 days underwater at salinities of 20-40 PSU (Seelemann 1968). Adults from the Baltic survived well for at least 6 weeks on a substrate moistened with freshwater, and at salinities as high as 50 PSU. Mediterranean animals survived substrate salinities as high as 90 PSU. Successful egg development for Baltic animals occurred at 5 to 40 PSU, while Mediterranean animals developed at 10-45 PSU. Optimum development for both populations was at ~10 PSU (Seelemann 1968). This snail feeds on bacteria, cyanobacteria, benthic diatoms, and epithelial cells of marsh plants (Seelemann 1968; Berman and Carlton 1991).

Food:

Detritius, benthic algae

Trophic Status:

Deposit Feeder

DepFed

Habitats

General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatUnstructured BottomNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatSalt-brackish marshNone
Salinity RangeMesohaline5-18 PSU
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Salinity RangeHyperhaline40+ PSU
Tidal RangeHigh IntertidalNone
Tidal RangeSupratidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Salinity (‰)0Adults of this airbreathing snail tolerate a substrate moistened with freshwater for up to 6 weeks (Seelemann 1968).
Maximum Salinity (‰)90Adults of Mediterranean populations tolerated substrate salinities up to 90 PSU. The upper limit for Baltic snails was 55 PSU (Seelemann 1968).
Minimum Reproductive Salinity5Normal egg development Baltic populations, 10 PSU for Mediterranean populations (Seelemann 1968).
Maximum Reproductive Salinity45Mediterranean populations, 40 PSU for Baltic populations. (Seelemann 1968).
Minimum Length (mm)5Minimum adult size (Seelemann 1968; Abbott 1974)
Maximum Length (mm)12Martins 1996
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Warm temperate
Broad Salinity RangeNoneOligohaline-Hyperhaline

General Impacts

Only one study has been conducted comparing the biology or resource use of Myosotella myostis and native snails. In Coos Bay, Oregon, researchers found no evidence of competition between M. myostis and the native snails Assiminea californica (California Assiminea) and Littorina subrotundata (Salt Marsh Periwinkle). However, the M. myostis population is concentrated in higher levels of the marsh, while the native species are more abundant in the lower marsh (Berman and Carlton 1991).

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P095 _CDA_P095 (Tomales-Drakes Bay) 1975 Def Estab
P070 Morro Bay 1972 Def Estab
P110 Tomales Bay 1946 Def Estab
P080 Monterey Bay 1945 Def Estab
P112 _CDA_P112 (Bodega Bay) 1944 Def Estab
P040 Newport Bay 1925 Def Estab
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 1915 Def Estab
P050 San Pedro Bay 1915 Def Estab
P130 Humboldt Bay 1876 Def Estab
NEP-IV Puget Sound to Northern California 1876 Def Estab
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1871 Def Estab
P090 San Francisco Bay 1871 Def Estab
P093 _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) 1871 Def Estab

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
697032 Hemphill 1877; Cooper 1886 1876 Humboldt Bay General Location Def 40.7864 -124.1922
697113 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Eel River Wildlife Area Def 40.7566 -124.1946
697215 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Eureka Slough, Upper Def 40.8020 -124.1155
697245 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-27 Pete's Harbor, San Francisco Bay Def 37.5006 -122.2242
697450 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Mad River Slough - Samoa Blvd. Bridge Def 40.8652 -124.1505
698263 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Hookton Slough Def 40.6775 -124.2218
699177 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 South side of Samoa Rd. bridge over Mad River Slough Def 40.8464 -124.1394
699457 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Eureka Slough site three Def 40.8069 -124.1076
699481 Wasson et al. 2001 (Elkhorn Slough Survey) 1998 Elkhorn Slough Station 2 (Moss Landing Harbor) Def 36.8019 -121.7854
699510 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Indian Island West three Def 40.8171 -124.1739
699671 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Eureka Slough, Lower Def 40.8068 -124.1437
700062 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Southport Landing Def 40.6952 -124.2494
700286 R. Stohler, pers. comm. 1975, in Carlton 1979 1944 1944-06-06 Bodega Harbor Def 38.3262 -123.0495
700577 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-28 Moore's Landing, San Francisco Bay Def 38.2261 -122.3076
700665 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Hilfiker Road Def 40.7720 -124.1960
700669 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Jacoby Creek Def 40.8435 -124.0838
700703 Carlton 1979 1925 Newport Bay Def 33.6092 -117.9067
700946 Burch 1945a 1945 Elkhorn Slough General Location Def 36.8086 -121.7856
701076 Cooper 1872a; Carlton 1979 1871 Mission Creek, San Francisco Def 37.7744 -122.3932
702140 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-24 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay Def 37.6966 -122.1932
702903 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Bracut Def 40.8313 -124.0845
703247 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Indian Island North Def 40.8061 -124.1800
703316 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Eureka Slough site one Def 40.8084 -124.1092
703836 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Woodley Island northeast Def 40.8081 -124.1591
704272 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-23 Brisbane Lagoon, San Francisco Bay Def 37.6862 -122.3906
704396 Carlton 1979 1946 Tomales Bay Def 38.2100 -122.9400
704679 Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) 2002 Eureka Slough site two Def 40.8070 -124.1090
704696 Carlton 1979 1972 Morro Bay Def 35.3500 -120.8500
760290 Cooper 1886 1886 Haywards [sic] Def 37.6600 -122.1591
760291 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1913 Alameda Def 37.7585 -122.2632
760292 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1931 1931-09-01 Hercules Def 38.0220 -122.2904
760293 Hanna 1966 1941 Terminal Island Def 33.7599 -118.2568
760294 Burch 1946_[#64, Oct 1946] 1946 Samoa Def 40.8195 -124.1787
760295 Burch 1946_[#56, Jan 1946] 1946 Terminal Island Def 33.7599 -118.2568
760296 Hand and Steinberg 1955 1951 Elkhorn Slough Def 36.8086 -121.7856
760297 University of California, Berkeley Museum of Paleontology Collection Record 1956 Bodega Harbor Def 38.3262 -123.0495
760298 MacDonald 1969a, 1969b 1965 Arcata (Humboldt Bay) Def 40.8500 -124.1000
760299 MacDonald 1969a, 1969b 1965 Walker Creek, Tomales Bay Def 38.2111 -122.9317
760300 MacDonald 1969a, 1969b 1965 Millerton Marsh, Tomales Bay Def 38.1072 -122.8411
760301 MacDonald 1969a, 1969b 1965 Elkhorn Slough General Location Def 36.8086 -121.7856
760302 Wicksten 1978 1970 Coyote Point Def 37.5922 -122.3210
760303 Carlton 1979 1972 Humboldt Bay General Location Def 40.7864 -124.1922
760304 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1973 1973-08-31 Coyote Point Def 37.5920 -122.3210
760305 Standing et al. 1975 1975 Bodega Bay Def 38.3262 -123.0495
760306 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1976 1976-06-17 Newark Slough Def 37.5101 -122.0846
760307 Carlton 1979 1976 Morro Bay Def 35.3500 -120.8500
760308 Carlton 1979 1979 Bodega Harbor Def 38.3262 -123.0495
760309 Carlton 1979 1979 San Francisco Bay Def 37.8494 -122.3681

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