Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1991
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1991
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:

General Invasion History:

Paradexamine SD1 does not correspond to any known species, and is of unknown origin. There are 46 known species of Paradexamine (Appeltans et al. 2015), mostly in Australian waters, but with outliers along the coasts of Asia, South America, and Africa (Barnard and Karaman 1991). In 1991, Paradexamine SD1 was collected on Catalina Island, California (Cadien 2007) and in 1993-1994, it was collected in San Francisco Bay (Cohen and Carlton 1995). It is well-established in saline waters of Central and South San Francisco Bay, outer San Pablo Bay (Foss 2009), and along the coast of southern California (Cohen et al. 2002; Ranasinghe et al. 2005; California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

In 1991, Paradexamine SD1 was collected on Catalina Island, California (CA). Cadien (2007) suggested that it had arrived on the hull of a yacht. In 1993-1994, it was collected in San Francisco Bay, CA (Cohen and Carlton 1995). In 1998-2000, it was found in harbors on the coast of southern California from Channel Islands Harbor and Oxnard to San Diego Bay (Cohen et al. 2002; Cohen et al. 2005; Ranasinghe et al. 2005). Likely vectors include hull fouling of recreational boats or commercial ships and ballast water.


Description

Paradexamine SD1 does not correspond to any known species, and a detailed description is not available, so we will present generic characteristics. The body is laterally compressed and arched with a distinct rostrum. Coxae 1-4 are deeper than their length. Pereiopods 5-7 have segment 2 expanded into shield-like plates. One or more of the posterior pereonites and all of pleonites bear posterior-dorsal median teeth. Pleonites 1-3 bear lateral and dorsal keels. Urosome segments 2 and 3 are fused (Barnard and Karaman 1991; Chapman 2007). The strong pleonal and urosomal armature of this species makes it stand out from other local dexaminoids (Cadien 2007). Adults of Paradexamine SD1 are ~ 5 mm long (Chapman 2007).

Barnard and Karaman (1991) list more than 30 species of Paradexamine worldwide, and Myers and Lecroy (2009) described 9 more species from the Great Barrier Reef. The name of the Australian species, P. churinga has been applied to Paradexamine SD1, but the features of the California form do not quite fit those of any described species (Cadien 2007). The genus is most diverse in the Australian region, but species are known from South America, Japan, Korea, China, and Fiji (Barnard and Karaman 1991; Huang 2001; Kim et al. 2006; Myers and Lecroy 2009).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Arthropoda
Subphylum:   Crustacea
Class:   Malacostraca
Subclass:   Eumalacostraca
Superorder:   Peracarida
Order:   Amphipoda
Suborder:   Gammaridea
Family:   Dexaminidae
Genus:   Paradexamine
Species:   sp.

Synonyms

Paradexamine cf. churinga? (Cohen et al., 2002)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Ecology

General:

Paradexamine sp. SD1 is found associated with marine fouling communities, often on or among algae and marine invertebrates (Cadien 2007). In gammarid amphipods, sexes are separate, the young are brooded, and development is direct (Bousfield 1973). Little is known about the life history of species in this genus (Myers and LeCroy 2009). In California waters, it is found in bays and harbors, and is associated with algal turf and fouling communities (Cadien 2007; Chapman 2007). We have not found information on the feeding of amphipods in this genus, but omnivory is common in free-living gammaridian amphipods.


Habitats

General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatUnstructured BottomNone
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Maximum Length (mm)None5 (Chapman 2007)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneWarm-temperate
Broad Salinity RangeNonePolyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

No impacts have been reported for Paradexamine sp. on the West Coast.

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P023 _CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido) 2011 Non-native Unknown
P050 San Pedro Bay 2000 Non-native Established
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 2000 Non-native Established
P020 San Diego Bay 1998 Non-native Established
P030 Mission Bay 1998 Non-native Established
P027 _CDA_P027 (Aliso-San Onofre) 1998 Non-native Established
P040 Newport Bay 1998 Non-native Established
P060 Santa Monica Bay 1998 Non-native Established
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1993 Non-native Established
P090 San Francisco Bay 1993 Non-native Established
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 1991 Non-native Established
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 1991 Non-native Established
P058 _CDA_P058 (San Pedro Channel Islands) 1991 Non-native Established

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
755551 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-08 Crown Beach Non-native 37.7595 -122.2721
755552 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-07-08 Point Richmond Non-native 37.9207 -122.3865
755553 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-19 Ayala Cove Non-native 37.8665 -122.4369
755554 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Central Basin Non-native 37.7643 -122.3863
755555 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 China Basin Non-native 37.7780 -122.3881
755556 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Ferry Terminal Pier Non-native 37.7945 -122.3917
755557 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Potrero Point Non-native 37.7521 -122.3790
755558 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Cruise Ship Pier Non-native 37.8085 -122.4060
755559 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Pier 39 Non-native 37.8108 -122.4086
755560 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Pier 45 Non-native 37.8111 -122.4196
755561 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Saint Francis Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.8066 -122.4463
755562 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Treasure Island Non-native 37.8149 -122.3702
755563 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Coyote Point Marina Non-native 37.5905 -122.3177
755564 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Sea Plane Harbor Non-native 37.6349 -122.3848
755565 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Sierra Point Marina Non-native 37.6740 -122.3792
755566 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Berkeley Marina Non-native 37.8676 -122.3172
755567 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Oakland Outer Harbor Non-native 37.8221 -122.3120
755568 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Ballena Bay Non-native 37.7662 -122.2842
755569 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Coast Guard Island Non-native 37.7812 -122.2457
755570 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Port of Oakland Office Non-native 37.7954 -122.2804
755571 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Chevron Pier Non-native 37.9229 -122.4106
755572 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Richmond Marina Non-native 37.9137 -122.3504
755573 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Santa Fe Channel - Back Non-native 37.9207 -122.3684
755574 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Santa Fe Channel - Front Non-native 37.9101 -122.3644
755575 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.9643 -122.4185
755576 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Ayala Cove Non-native 37.8680 -122.4350
755577 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Corinthian Marina Non-native 37.8726 -122.4563
755578 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Paradise Cay Non-native 37.9147 -122.4774
755579 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Richardson Bay Non-native 37.8589 -122.4798
755580 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Romberg Tiburon Center Non-native 37.8906 -122.4458
755581 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-25 CIYC Guest Slip Non-native 34.1641 -119.2255
755582 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-25 Commercial Fishing Dock Non-native 34.1696 -119.2285
755583 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-25 Private Dock Non-native 34.1798 -119.2297
755584 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 Patriot Environmental Non-native 33.7767 -118.2105
755585 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 New Site (Blue Awnings) Non-native 33.7224 -118.0561
755586 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Dana Inn Marina Non-native 32.7671 -117.2362
755587 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Santa Barbara Cove Non-native 32.7774 -117.2484
755588 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Back Bay Marina Non-native 33.6194 -117.8933
755589 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Balboa North Channel Non-native 33.6097 -117.8957
755590 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Lido Peninsula Non-native 33.6082 -117.9195
755591 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Newport Bay Harbor Entrance Non-native 33.5974 -117.8798
755592 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-10-10 Casino Point/Fuel Dock Non-native 33.3483 -118.3265
755593 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-10-10 The Tuna Club Non-native 33.3461 -118.3268
755594 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-01 Coyote Point Marina Non-native 37.5895 -122.3164
755595 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-01 Sierra Point Marina Non-native 37.6741 -122.3798
755596 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Ballena Bay Non-native 37.7662 -122.2843
755597 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Coast Guard Island Non-native 37.7813 -122.2456
755598 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Berkeley Marina Non-native 37.8677 -122.3172
755599 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Treasure Island Non-native 37.8150 -122.3703
755600 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Chevron Pier Non-native 37.9229 -122.4106
755601 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Point Richmond Piers Non-native 37.9085 -122.3915
755602 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Santa Fe Channel - Back Non-native 37.9206 -122.3685
755603 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Santa Fe Channel - Front Non-native 37.9100 -122.3643
755604 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-01 Corinthian Marina Non-native 37.8726 -122.4563
755605 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-01 Richardson Bay Non-native 37.8600 -122.4802
755606 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Cruise Ship Pier Non-native 37.8086 -122.4060
755607 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Saint Francis Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.8066 -122.4461
755608 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Romberg Tiburon Center Non-native 37.8907 -122.4460
755609 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-07 Commercial Fishing Dock Non-native 34.1695 -119.2283
755610 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-08 Commercial Fishing Fleet Dock Non-native 34.1483 -119.2021
755611 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Near Huntington Launch Ramp Non-native 33.7280 -118.0786
755612 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Pump-A-Head Dock Non-native 33.7128 -118.0543
755613 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Balboa Coves Non-native 33.6213 -117.9364
755614 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Newport Bay Harbor Entrance Non-native 33.5975 -117.8797
755615 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-20 Loading Dock at Bumper Pad #51 Non-native 33.7408 -118.2747
755616 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-20 Slip D-50 Non-native 33.7166 -118.2792
755617 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Draw Bridge Non-native 33.7644 -118.2428
755618 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Long Beach Downtown Marina - ISS Non-native 33.7584 -118.1860
755619 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Super Mexico Pier Non-native 33.7708 -118.2113
755620 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 America's Cup Harbor Non-native 32.7243 -117.2241
755621 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 Marine Terminal (Paco) Non-native 32.6583 -117.1191
755622 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 San Diego Bay Cruise Ship Terminal Non-native 32.7155 -117.1748
755623 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Dana Inn Marina Non-native 32.7672 -117.2361
755624 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Dana Point Harbor Mouth Slip Non-native 33.4596 -117.6938
755625 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Ocean Institute Dock Non-native 33.4622 -117.7058
755626 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Middle Harbor Yacht Slip Non-native 33.2106 -117.3958
758718 J. Chapman, pers. comm., in Cohen and Carlton 1995 1993 San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8494 -122.3681
758719 J. Chapman, pers. comm., in Cohen and Carlton 1995 1994 San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8494 -122.3681
758720 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 Marina del Rey Non-native 33.9759 -118.4482
758721 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 Newport Bay Non-native 33.6092 -117.9067
758722 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 Dana Point Harbor Non-native 33.4602 -117.7000
758723 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 Mission Bay Non-native 32.7791 -117.2288
758724 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6717 -117.1439
758725 MEC Analytical Systems, Inc. et al. 2002 (Los Angeles/Long Beach Baseline Study of 2000) 2000 Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex Non-native 33.7632 -118.2526
758726 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-24 Cabrillo Beach Boat Ramp Non-native 33.7134 -118.2839
758727 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-24 Island Yacht Anchorage Non-native 33.7728 -118.2478
758728 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-25 Jack's Landing Non-native 34.1636 -119.2228
758729 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-29 Marina del Rey Non-native 33.9722 -118.4522
758730 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-31 Huntington Harbour Yacht Club Non-native 33.7125 -118.0611
758731 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 Bulk Carrier Terminal Non-native 32.6970 -117.1521
758732 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 San Diego Bay Commercial Fishing Fleet Non-native 32.7109 -117.1742
758733 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 San Diego Bay Cruise Ship Terminal Non-native 32.7169 -117.1754
758734 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 SIO Nimitz Marine Facility Non-native 32.7077 -117.2368
758735 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 Shelter Island Marina Non-native 32.7178 -117.2253
758736 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Coronado Cays Non-native 32.6276 -117.1330
758737 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Coronado Wharf Non-native 32.6994 -117.1688
758738 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Glorietta Bay Non-native 32.6796 -117.1744
758739 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Kelco Dock Non-native 32.6929 -117.1469
758740 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Marine Terminal (Paco) Non-native 32.6574 -117.1186
758741 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Ballast Point Non-native 32.6861 -117.2348
758742 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Navy - 28th St. Non-native 32.6836 -117.1311
758743 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Navy - Carrier Base Non-native 32.7062 -117.1886
758744 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Navy - Seventh St. Non-native 32.6699 -117.1212
758745 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Shelter Island Marina Non-native 32.7170 -117.2250
758746 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Bulk Carrier Terminal Non-native 32.6970 -117.1522
758747 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Kelco Dock Non-native 32.6927 -117.1470
758748 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 San Diego Bay Commercial Fishing Fleet Non-native 32.7109 -117.1742

References

Appeltans, W. et al. 2011-2015 World Registry of Marine Species. <missing URL>



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Cadien, Donald B. 2007 Dexaminoidea of the NEP (Equator to Aleutians, intertidal to abyss): a review.. <missing URL>



California Department of Fish and Wildlife (2014) Introduced Aquatic Species in California Bays and Harbors, 2011 Survey, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento CA. Pp. 1-36

Chapman, John W. (2007) The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal invertebrates from Central California to Oregon (4th edition), University of California Press, Berkeley CA. Pp. 545-611

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Foss, Stephen (2009) <missing title>, California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento CA. Pp. <missing location>

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Kim, Young Ho; Eun, Ye; Lee, Kyung Sook (2006) Two new records of Dexaminidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Korea, Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology Molluscan Research 22(1): 37-49

Myers, Alan A.; Lecroy, Sara E. (2009) Dexaminidae, Zootaxa 2260: 393-424

Pierce, Richard W., Carlton, James T., Carlton, Deborah A., Geller Jonathon B. (1997) Ballast water as a vector for tintinnid transport, Marine Ecology Progress Series 149: 295-297

Ranasinghe, J. Ananda and 6 authors. (2005) The prevalence of non-indigenous species in southern California embayments and their effects on benthic macroinvertebrate communities, Biological Invasions 7: 679-686