Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1986
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1986
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:

General Invasion History:

Microcosmus squamiger is native to the coast of Australia, where it is widespread. Available records include most of the Australian states (Kott 1985; Australian Faunal Directory 2009), but we are unaware of records from the Northern Territories. It also occurs in several locations including the Indo-Pacific region, from Vizhinjam, India, the Arabian Sea (Abdul and Sivakumar 2007), the Red Sea (Michaelsen 1918, cited by Kott 1985), Ibo Island, Mozambique, (Monniot 2002), and New Zealand (1st record in 2003, Inglis et al. 2005). This species appears to have been frequently transported in ship fouling and may be introduced in New Zealand and is definitely introduced in South Africa, where it is known from the harbor of Port Elizabeth, in the Indian Ocean (Rius et al. 2008; Griffiths et al. 2009). Other recent invasions have occurred on the coasts of California and Mexico (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003; Rius et al. 2008; Rodriguez and Ibarra-Obando 2008), the western Mediterranean (Mastrototaro and Dappiano 2005; Turon et al. 2007), the Atlantic coast of Spain, Madeira, and the Canary Islands (Turon et al. 2007).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Microcosmus squamiger was first collected in Alamitos Bay, Long Beach, California in 1986 (Lambert and Lambert 1998). By 1994 its range extended from San Diego Bay to Santa Barbara Harbor (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). In 2000 it was collected in Ensenada, Mexico, (Lambert and Lambert 2003) and in 2002 it was observed fouling cultured oysters in Bahia San Quintin, Baja California (Rodriguez and Ibarra-Obando 2008). In 2015-2016, M. squamiger was found growing on several fouling plates at the Oakland Yacht Club in San Francisco Bay (Tracy et al. 2017). We consider this population to be established.

Invasion History in Hawaii:

Microcosmus squamiger is not established in Hawaii, but has been found in fouling on ships travelling from California to Honolulu, Pearl Harbor, and Barber's Point harbors (Godwin 2003).

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

Microcosmus squamiger was first collected in the Mediterranean Sea in 1971 at Savona, Italy in the western basin near the French border, but was initially misidentified by Monniot as M. exasperatus (Monniot 1981, Mastrototaro and Dappiano 2005). In 1963 it was collected in the Tyrrhenian Sea at Bizerte, Tunisia (Mastrototaro and Dappiano 2005), and the central basin, at Taranto, Italy by 1977 (Mastrototaro and Dappiano 2005). This seems to be its present eastward limit - it has not been recorded in the Adriatic or the eastern basin where M. exasperatus has been found (Turon et al. 2007). To the west, M. squamiger occurs along the Mediterranean coast of Spain from Barcelona to Alicante (in 1988) and Algeciras Bay near Gibraltar (in 1996) (Turon et al. 2007). In 1994 it was collected at Cape Trafalgar on the Atlantic Ocean and has subsequently been collected at several sites in the Gulf of Cadiz, at Cascais, Portugal and on the Bay of Biscay at Santander and in the Ria San Vicente (Turon et al. 2007). It has also been collected at Madeira and Tenerife, Canary Islands off the coast of northwest Africa (Turon et al. 2007).  In 2007, it was found in 8 locations on the Pacific coast of Japan, and 2014, in Okinawa (Nishikawa and Ueda 2011; Nishikawa `07, boith cited by Bae eta l. 2022(.  In 2022, Microcosmus squamiger was found in two harbors on Jeju Island,  South Korea (Bae et al. 2022).


Description

Microcosmus squamiger is a solitary tunicate, but usually occurs in dense clumps or aggregates. Each tunicate can grow up to 50 mm in diameter. The surface of the tunic rises into ridges and swellings with adhesive projections. The tunic is purple, leathery, tough, and sometimes hard and brittle. The apertures are usually located on short, wart-like siphons about a third of the body length and are directed away from each other. But sometimes the oral siphon is terminal with a long straight siphon, while the atrial siphon is short and about half-way along the body (Kott 1985).

This species is frequently confused with the very similar species Microcosmus exasperatus (Mastrototaro and Dappiano 2005; Turon et al. 2007). One of the few characteristics used to distinguish between the two species is the shape of the internal siphonal spines. The spines of M. squamiger are very short, about 15-25 µm long, and shaped like fingernails with serrated rims, while M. exasperatus has longer pointed spines, about 40-50 µm long, which are posteriorly hooked (Kott, 1985; Mastrototaro and Dappiano 2005).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Chordata
Subphylum:   Tunicata
Class:   Ascidiacea
Order:   Stolidobranchia
Family:   Pyuridae
Genus:   Microcosmus
Species:   squamiger

Synonyms

Microcosmus claudicans squamiger (Hartmeyer and Michaelsen, 1928)
Microcosmus exasperatus australis (Michaelsen, 1908)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Microcosmus exasperatus
Many confused records in the Mediterranean- most reports of M. exasperatus are actually M. squamiger (Turon et al. 2007).

Ecology

General:

Life History- A solitary tunicate is ovoid, elongate or vase-like in shape, with two openings or siphons. Most solitary tunicates attach to substrates by their side or base, but some attach with a conspicuous stalk. They are sessile filter feeders with two siphons, an oral and an atrial siphon. Water is pumped in through the oral siphon, where phytoplankton and detritus is filtered by the gills, and passed on mucus strings to the stomach and intestines. Waste is then expelled in the outgoing atrial water.

Solitary ascidians are hermaphroditic, meaning that both eggs and sperm are released to the atrial chamber. Eggs may be self-fertilized or fertilized by sperm from nearby animals, but many species have a partial block to self-fertilization. Depending on the species, eggs may be externally or internally fertilized. In external fertilizers, eggs and sperm are released through the atrial siphon into the surrounding water column were fertilization takes place. In internal fertilizers, eggs are brooded and fertilized within the atrial chamber and then released into the water column upon hatching. Fertilized eggs hatch into a tadpole larva with a muscular tail, notochord, eyespots, and a set of adhesive papillae. The lecithotrophic (non-feeding, yolk-dependent) larva swims briefly before settlement. Swimming periods are usually less than a day and some larvae settle immediately after release, but the larval period can be longer at lower temperatures. Once settled, the tail is absorbed, the gill basket expands, and the tunicate begins to feed by filtering (Barnes 1983).

Food:

Phytoplankton; Detritus

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatRockyNone
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone

Life History


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Maximum Duration1Swimming time of larva (Turon et al. 2010)
Maximum Length (mm)50Kott 1985
Broad Temperature RangeNoneWarm temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity RangeNonePolyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Economic Impacts

Oyster culture racks, ropes, and shells (of Crassostrea gigas, Pacific Oyster) in Bahia San Quintin, Baja California, Mexico were badly fouled by tunicates beginning in 2002. Microcosmus squamiger was a major organism in this fouling (Rodriquez and Ibarra-Obando 2008).

Ecological Impacts

Competition: Microcosmus squamiger now greatly outnumbers Styela canopus in San Diego Bay. It forms single-species patches at some locations suggestive of competition (Lambert and Lambert 2003), for example it forms dense monospecific crusts, and can outcompete native species in shallow water communities. Microcosmus squamiger is considered a potential threat to Mediterranean littoral communities, but further monitoring is needed to assess its impacts (Turon et al. 2007).


Regional Impacts

NEP-VIPt. Conception to Southern Baja CaliforniaEconomic ImpactFisheries
Oyster culture racks, ropes, and shells (of Crassostrea gigas, Pacific Oyster) in Bahia San Quintin, Baja California, Mexico were badly fouled by tunicates, beginning in 2002. Microcosmus squamiger was a major organism in this fouling (Rodriquez and Ibarra-Obando 2008).
NEP-VIPt. Conception to Southern Baja CaliforniaEcological ImpactCompetition
Microcosmus squamiger now greatly outnumbers Styela canopus, an earlier invader, in San Diego Bay. It forms single-species patches at some locations, suggestive of competition (Lambert and Lambert 2003).
P020San Diego BayEcological ImpactCompetition
Microcosmus squamiger now greatly outnumbers an earlier invader, Styela canopus in San Diego Bay. It forms single-species patches at some locations, suggestive of competition (Lambert and Lambert 2003).
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactCompetition
Microcosmus squamiger now greatly outnumbers an earlier invader, Styela canopus in San Diego Bay. It forms single-species patches at some locations, suggestive of competition (Lambert and Lambert 2003).

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P090 San Francisco Bay 2016 Non-native Established
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 2015 Non-native Established
P065 _CDA_P065 (Santa Barbara Channel) 2001 Non-native Established
P064 _CDA_P064 (Ventura) 1996 Non-native Established
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 1994 Non-native Established
P060 Santa Monica Bay 1994 Non-native Established
P040 Newport Bay 1994 Non-native Established
P027 _CDA_P027 (Aliso-San Onofre) 1994 Non-native Established
P023 _CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido) 1994 Non-native Established
P030 Mission Bay 1994 Non-native Established
P020 San Diego Bay 1994 Non-native Established
P058 _CDA_P058 (San Pedro Channel Islands) 1992 Non-native Established
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 1986 Non-native Established
P050 San Pedro Bay 1986 Non-native Established

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
697141 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Navy - Seventh St. Non-native 32.6699 -117.1212
697239 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Kelco Dock Non-native 32.6927 -117.1470
697343 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 New Site (Blue Awnings) Non-native 33.7224 -118.0561
697431 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Newport Bay Harbor Entrance Non-native 33.5974 -117.8798
697465 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-30 Pilot's Dock at Pier F Non-native 33.7472 -118.2156
697506 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-25 Fancy Slip Non-native 34.1741 -119.2235
697529 Lambert and Lambert 1998 1986 1986-01-01 Alamitos Bay Non-native 33.7502 -118.1185
697744 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 Yellow Condos Non-native 33.7283 -118.0602
697773 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 San Diego Bay Commercial Fishing Fleet Non-native 32.7109 -117.1739
697782 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 San Diego Bay Commercial Fishing Fleet Non-native 32.7109 -117.1739
698130 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Hilton Resort Dock Non-native 32.7788 -117.2127
698131 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Hilton Resort Dock Non-native 32.7788 -117.2127
698300 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS); Lambert and Lambert 2003 2000 2000-08-25 Anacapa Isle Marina Non-native 34.1731 -119.2269
698361 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS); Lambert and Lambert 2003 2000 2000-08-28 Oceanside Harbor Non-native 33.2094 -117.3947
698545 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Glorietta Bay Non-native 32.6796 -117.1740
698547 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS); Lambert and Lambert 2003 2000 2000-08-28 Seaforth Landing Non-native 32.7644 -117.2381
698625 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-16 Long Beach Epifaunal 06 Non-native 33.7697 -118.2283
698701 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 Marine Terminal (Paco) Non-native 32.6584 -117.1191
698704 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 Marine Terminal (Paco) Non-native 32.6584 -117.1191
698705 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Marine Terminal (Paco) Non-native 32.6584 -117.1191
698731 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-07 Private Dock Non-native 34.1798 -119.2297
698765 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 Patriot Environmental Non-native 33.7767 -118.2105
698781 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Navy - 28th St. Non-native 32.6836 -117.1311
698952 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Dana Inn Marina Non-native 32.7671 -117.2362
698958 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Dana Inn Marina Non-native 32.7671 -117.2362
699036 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-07 CIYC Guest Slip Non-native 34.1641 -119.2255
699079 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Oceanside Epifaunal 05 Non-native 33.2058 -117.3898
699097 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS); Lambert and Lambert 2003 2000 2000-08-26 Chula Vista Boat Ramp (J Street) Non-native 32.6211 -117.1031
699154 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-30 Rainbow Lagoon Non-native 33.7631 -118.1914
699183 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Oceanside Epifaunal 01 Non-native 33.2118 -117.3951
699620 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 Bulk Carrier Terminal Non-native 32.6969 -117.1526
699624 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 Bulk Carrier Terminal Non-native 32.6969 -117.1526
699692 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS); Lambert and Lambert 2003 2000 2000-08-29 King Harbor Non-native 33.8464 -118.3969
699721 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Seaforth Non-native 32.7621 -117.2365
699820 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 Coronado Wharf Non-native 32.6992 -117.1684
700123 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Middle Harbor Yacht Slip Non-native 33.2106 -117.3960
700202 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-22 Marina del Rey Harbor Entrance Non-native 33.9702 -118.4496
700208 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 Marina del Rey Harbor Entrance Non-native 33.9702 -118.4496
700248 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-12 Huntington Harbour Epifaunal 04 Non-native 33.7278 -118.0787
700338 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-16 Long Beach Epifaunal 03 Non-native 33.7628 -118.2145
700364 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-12 Huntington Harbour Epifaunal 03 Non-native 33.7283 -118.0601
700404 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Near Huntington Launch Ramp Non-native 33.7279 -118.0786
700410 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 Near Huntington Launch Ramp Non-native 33.7279 -118.0786
700414 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-28 Snug Harbor Marina Non-native 33.1478 -117.3322
700437 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-16 Long Beach Epifaunal 04 Non-native 33.7709 -118.2113
700548 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-10 Channel Islands Harbor Epifaunal 05 Non-native 34.1739 -119.2236
700557 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-10 Mission Bay Epifaunal 02 Non-native 32.7933 -117.2226
700651 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Santa Barbara Cove Non-native 32.7774 -117.2484
700687 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 Private Beach Non-native 33.7175 -118.0659
700737 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Backside of Working Container Ship Pier Non-native 33.7667 -118.2774
701411 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-13 Oceanside Commercial Fishing Dock Non-native 33.2057 -117.3897
701412 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Oceanside Commercial Fishing Dock Non-native 33.2057 -117.3897
701419 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Derelict Graveyard Non-native 32.6477 -117.1269
701844 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-21 APL Terminal Non-native 33.7348 -118.2479
701895 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Ocean Institute Dock Non-native 33.4622 -117.7063
701896 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-15 Ocean Institute Dock Non-native 33.4622 -117.7063
702006 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 America's Cup Harbor Non-native 32.7239 -117.2240
702048 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Los Angeles Epifaunal 04 Non-native 33.7655 -118.2529
702120 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Switzer Creek (Dole) Non-native 32.7017 -117.1585
702216 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 Chula Vista Marina Non-native 32.6225 -117.1023
702261 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-20 Loading Dock at Bumper Pad #51 Non-native 33.7410 -118.2746
702269 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-21 Loading Dock at Bumper Pad #51 Non-native 33.7410 -118.2746
702534 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-10 Mission Bay Epifaunal 01 Non-native 32.7791 -117.2128
702743 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-24 Cabrillo Beach Boat Ramp Non-native 33.7134 -118.2839
702877 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS); Lambert and Lambert 2003 2000 2000-08-26 Fiddler's Cove Non-native 32.6519 -117.1494
702957 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-31 Huntington Harbour Yacht Club Non-native 33.7125 -118.0611
703044 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Long Beach Downtown Marina - ISS Non-native 33.7594 -118.1866
703069 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 San Diego Bay Cruise Ship Terminal Non-native 32.7168 -117.1759
703071 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 San Diego Bay Cruise Ship Terminal Non-native 32.7168 -117.1759
703106 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Switzer Creek Non-native 32.7043 -117.1615
703110 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 Switzer Creek Non-native 32.7043 -117.1615
703135 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-15 Newport Beach Epifaunal 02 Non-native 33.6079 -117.8868
703191 Lambert and Lambert 1998 1992 1992-01-01 Santa Catalina Island - Catalina Harbor Non-native 33.4306 -118.5058
703238 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-15 Newport Beach Epifaunal 07 Non-native 33.6193 -117.8933
703360 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Coronado Cays Non-native 32.6274 -117.1329
703361 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 Coronado Cays Non-native 32.6274 -117.1329
703434 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-01 Avalon Harbor Epifaunal 05 Non-native 33.3537 -118.3293
703460 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Back Bay Marina Non-native 33.6194 -117.8933
703620 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS); Lambert and Lambert 2003 2000 2000-08-31 Long Beach Yacht Club Non-native 33.7534 -118.1138
703668 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 SIO Nimitz Marine Facility Non-native 32.7078 -117.2368
703764 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Balboa North Channel Non-native 33.6097 -117.8957
703820 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-20 Fuel Depot Non-native 33.7440 -118.2358
704226 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Pump-A-Head Dock Non-native 33.7026 -118.0542
704255 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-10 Channel Islands Harbor Epifaunal 04 Non-native 34.1642 -119.2260
704360 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 Super Mexico Pier Non-native 33.7708 -118.2113
704362 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Super Mexico Pier Non-native 33.7708 -118.2113
704378 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-24 Newmarks Yacht Harbor Non-native 33.7644 -118.2497
704464 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-12 Huntington Harbour Epifaunal 01 Non-native 33.7128 -118.0543
704557 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-31 Huntington Harbour- Back Lagoon Non-native 33.7286 -118.0600
757060 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Pierpoint Bay Yacht Club, Ventura Harbor Non-native 34.2441 -119.2593
757061 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Pierpoint Bay Yacht Club, Ventura Harbor Non-native 34.2441 -119.2593
757062 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-11-10 Island Packers, Ventura Harbor Non-native 34.2443 -119.2650
757063 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-19 Island Packers, Ventura Harbor Non-native 34.2443 -119.2650
757064 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Island Packers, Ventura Harbor Non-native 34.2443 -119.2650
757065 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-10-30 Anacapa Isle Marina Non-native 34.1731 -119.2269
757066 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-10-08 Anacapa Isle Marina Non-native 34.1731 -119.2269
757067 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-11-10 Anacapa Isle Marina Non-native 34.1731 -119.2269
757068 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Anacapa Isle Marina Non-native 34.1731 -119.2269
757069 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Anacapa Isle Marina Non-native 34.1731 -119.2269
757070 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-10-30 Jack's Landing Non-native 34.1636 -119.2228
757071 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-10-08 Jack's Landing Non-native 34.1636 -119.2228
757072 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-11-10 Jack's Landing Non-native 34.1636 -119.2228
757073 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-19 Jack's Landing Non-native 34.1636 -119.2228
757074 Lambert and Lambert 2003 2000 2000-08-29 Marina del Rey Non-native 33.9722 -118.4522
757075 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-10-02 King Harbor Non-native 33.8464 -118.3969
757076 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-10-08 King Harbor Non-native 33.8464 -118.3969
757077 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-19 King Harbor Non-native 33.8464 -118.3969
757078 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 King Harbor Non-native 33.8464 -118.3969
757079 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 King Harbor Non-native 33.8464 -118.3969
757080 Lambert and Lambert 2003 2000 2000-08-24 Watchorn Basin Non-native 33.7203 -118.2764
757081 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-09-04 Impound Marina, Long Beach Non-native 33.7639 -118.2444
757082 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-04-22 Impound Marina, Long Beach Non-native 33.7639 -118.2444
757083 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-11-01 Impound Marina, Long Beach Non-native 33.7639 -118.2444
757084 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-05 Impound Marina, Long Beach Non-native 33.7639 -118.2444
757085 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Impound Marina, Long Beach Non-native 33.7639 -118.2444
757086 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Impound Marina, Long Beach Non-native 33.7639 -118.2444
757087 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Spinnaker Cove, Long Beach Marina Non-native 33.7652 -118.1211
757088 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-09-04 Long Beach Yacht Club Non-native 33.7534 -118.1138
757089 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-11-12 Long Beach Yacht Club Non-native 33.7534 -118.1138
757090 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-11-01 Long Beach Yacht Club Non-native 33.7534 -118.1138
757091 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-05 Long Beach Yacht Club Non-native 33.7534 -118.1138
757092 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Long Beach Yacht Club Non-native 33.7534 -118.1138
757093 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Long Beach Yacht Club Non-native 33.7534 -118.1138
757094 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-09-04 Long Beach Marina, near entrance Non-native 33.7555 -118.1132
757095 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-11-12 Long Beach Marina, near entrance Non-native 33.7555 -118.1132
757096 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Long Beach Marina, near entrance Non-native 33.7555 -118.1132
757097 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Long Beach Marina, near entrance Non-native 33.7555 -118.1132
757098 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-10-27 Upper Newport Bay Non-native 33.6457 -117.8861
757099 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Upper Newport Bay Non-native 33.6457 -117.8861
757100 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-11-12 Lido Peninsula, behind Bluewater Grill Non-native 33.6143 -117.9265
757101 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-08-27 Balboa Fun Zone Non-native 33.6033 -117.8998
757102 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-10-27 Balboa Fun Zone Non-native 33.6033 -117.8998
757103 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-05 Balboa Fun Zone Non-native 33.6033 -117.8998
757104 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Balboa Fun Zone Non-native 33.6033 -117.8998
757105 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-09-18 Dana Point Harbor Non-native 33.4598 -117.6956
757106 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-10-27 Dana Point Harbor Non-native 33.4598 -117.6956
757107 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-06 Dana Point Harbor Non-native 33.4598 -117.6956
757108 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Dana Point Harbor Non-native 33.4598 -117.6956
757109 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Dana Point Harbor Non-native 33.4598 -117.6956
757110 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-06 Oceanside Harbor, inner area Non-native 33.2106 -117.3955
757111 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-08-27 Oceanside Harbor, by Harbor Patrol floats Non-native 33.2081 -117.3946
757112 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-05-21 Oceanside Harbor, by Harbor Patrol floats Non-native 33.2081 -117.3946
757113 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-11-25 Oceanside Harbor, by Harbor Patrol floats Non-native 33.2081 -117.3946
757114 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-10-27 Oceanside Harbor, by Harbor Patrol floats Non-native 33.2081 -117.3946
757115 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-06 Oceanside Harbor, by Harbor Patrol floats Non-native 33.2081 -117.3946
757116 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Oceanside Harbor, by Harbor Patrol floats Non-native 33.2081 -117.3946
757117 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Oceanside Harbor, by Harbor Patrol floats Non-native 33.2081 -117.3946
757118 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-06 Santa Clara Point Boat Launch, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7824 -117.2499
757119 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Santa Clara Point Boat Launch, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7824 -117.2499
757120 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Santa Clara Point Boat Launch, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7824 -117.2499
757121 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-06 Mission Bay Yacht Club Non-native 32.7790 -117.2469
757122 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Mission Bay Yacht Club Non-native 32.7790 -117.2469
757123 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Mission Bay Yacht Club Non-native 32.7790 -117.2469
757124 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-10-09 Bahia Point, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7761 -117.2468
757125 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-03-26 Bahia Point, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7761 -117.2468
757126 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-11-25 Bahia Point, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7761 -117.2468
757127 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-11-03 Bahia Point, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7761 -117.2468
757128 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-06 Bahia Point, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7761 -117.2468
757129 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Bahia Point, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7761 -117.2468
757130 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Bahia Point, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7761 -117.2468
757131 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-06 South Shores Boat Ramp, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7644 -117.2168
757132 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 South Shores Boat Ramp, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7644 -117.2168
757133 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 South Shores Boat Ramp, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7644 -117.2168
757134 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-10-09 Dana Landing, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7674 -117.2357
757135 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-03-26 Dana Landing, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7674 -117.2357
757136 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-11-25 Dana Landing, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7674 -117.2357
757137 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-11-03 Dana Landing, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7674 -117.2357
757138 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-06 Dana Landing, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7674 -117.2357
757139 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Dana Landing, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7674 -117.2357
757140 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Dana Landing, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7674 -117.2357
757141 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-11-25 Seaforth Landing Non-native 32.7644 -117.2381
757142 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-11-03 Seaforth Landing Non-native 32.7644 -117.2381
757143 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Seaforth Landing Non-native 32.7644 -117.2381
757144 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Seaforth Landing Non-native 32.7644 -117.2381
757145 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-10-09 Shelter Island, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.7100 -117.2342
757146 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-09-30 Shelter Island, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.7100 -117.2342
757147 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-11-03 Shelter Island, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.7100 -117.2342
757148 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-06 Shelter Island, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.7100 -117.2342
757149 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Shelter Island, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.7100 -117.2342
757150 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-10-09 Harbor Island, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.7253 -117.2064
757151 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-03-26 Harbor Island, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.7253 -117.2064
757152 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-11-03 Harbor Island, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.7253 -117.2064
757153 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-06 Harbor Island, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.7253 -117.2064
757154 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Harbor Island, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.7253 -117.2064
757155 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-03-26 Fiddler's Cove, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6519 -117.2342
757156 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-09-30 Fiddler's Cove, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6519 -117.2342
757157 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-11-03 Fiddler's Cove, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6519 -117.2342
757158 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-06 Fiddler's Cove, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6519 -117.2342
757159 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Fiddler's Cove, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6519 -117.2342
757160 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Fiddler's Cove, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6519 -117.2342
757161 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-10-09 24th Street Boat Launch, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6495 -117.1108
757162 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-09-30 24th Street Boat Launch, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6495 -117.1108
757163 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-11-03 24th Street Boat Launch, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6495 -117.1108
757164 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 24th Street Boat Launch, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6495 -117.1108
757165 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 24th Street Boat Launch, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6495 -117.1108
757166 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1994 1994-10-09 Chula Vista Boat Ramp (J Street) Non-native 32.6211 -117.1031
757167 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-03-26 Chula Vista Boat Ramp (J Street) Non-native 32.6211 -117.1031
757168 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1995 1995-09-30 Chula Vista Boat Ramp (J Street) Non-native 32.6211 -117.1031
757169 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1996 1996-11-03 Chula Vista Boat Ramp (J Street) Non-native 32.6211 -117.1031
757170 Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 1997-04-06 Chula Vista Boat Ramp (J Street) Non-native 32.6211 -117.1031
757171 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1997 Chula Vista Boat Ramp (J Street) Non-native 32.6211 -117.1031
757172 Lambert and Lambert 2003 1998 Chula Vista Boat Ramp (J Street) Non-native 32.6211 -117.1031
757173 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 Mission Bay Non-native 32.7791 -117.2288
757174 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6717 -117.1439
757175 Tracy et al. 2017 2015 Oakland Yacht Club Non-native 37.7838 -122.2639
757176 Tracy et al. 2017 2016 Oakland Yacht Club Non-native 37.7838 -122.2639
767427 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-19 SeaWorld Marina, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7676 -117.2314
767463 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-29 Mission Bay Yacht Club, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7778 -117.2485
767482 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-04 Bahia Resort Marina, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7731 -117.2478
767496 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-31 Campland on the Bay, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7936 -117.2234
767697 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-24 NAB ACU-1 Docks, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.6786 -117.1615
767749 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-18 NAB Fiddlers Cove, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.6524 -117.1486
767766 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-26 Pier 32 Marina, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.6516 -117.1077
767775 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-20 Chula Vista Marina, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.6252 -117.1036
767789 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-28 Marriott Marquis and Marina, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7059 -117.1655
769021 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-07-27 Peter's Landing Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7256 -118.0758
769653 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-07 Peter's Landing Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7252 -118.0766
769891 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-09 Port of LB Pier D, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7595 -118.2174
770072 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-08 Port of LB Pier F, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7472 -118.2130
774273 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
774274 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
774275 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641

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