Invasion History

First Non-native Panama (Caribbean) Tidal Record: 1939

Panama Invasion History:


Invasion history elsewhere in the world:

Balanus trigonus was first recorded in the Atlantic from Florianopolis, Brazil in 1864 (Carlton et al., 2011). It now ranges from North Carolina (35° N) and the Azores (38° N) south to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (27° S) and False Bay, South Africa (34° S) (Zullo 1992; US National Museum of Natural History 2012). In the Eastern Atlantic, it was first found on the West African Coast, Madeira, and the Azores between 1887 and 1909 (Zullo 1992). In the Mediterranean, as far as we are aware, the earliest dated record is from Sicily in 1927 (Zullo 1992). One empty specimen of B. trigonus was found on a buoy in Belgian waters in 1997-1998 (Kerckhof and Cattrijsse 2001).

While B. trigonus is native to Korea and southern Japan (Utinomi 1970; Kim 1992), it appears to be sporadically introduced by shipping to the northern Sea of Japan, where it has not become established (Zvyagintsev 2003). It has been listed as introduced to New Zealand (1960, Cranfield et al. 1998). Cranfield et al. (1998) give the first date of occurrence as 1960, and do not mention Darwin’s New Zealand specimens, or other early collections (Darwin 1854; Jennings 1917, cited by Foster 1967). Its distribution is limited to the region around Auckland (Foster 1967). Dromgoole and Foster (1983) considered it a species of 'uncertain native status'.


Description

Balanus trigonus is a small to medium-size barnacle, ranging from conical to nearly-cylindrical in shape and reaching up to 25 mm in diameter. Its shell is composed of six overlapping plates, which are folded with wide longitudinal spaces (radii) which narrow at the top, and with transverse striations around a roughly triangular central opening (orifice). The shell has narrow white longitudinal ribs, and is colored or mottled with colored or mottled with purplish pink. . Inside the orifice are two large valves covering the appendages of the animal. Each valve is composed of two parts, the scutum and the tergum. The scutum is distinguished by one to six longitudinal rows of pits. Balanus trigonus can be distinguished by the scutum, which has one to six longitudinal rows of pits (Darwin 1854). The tergum is externally smooth and flat, with 'scarcely a trace of a longitudinal furrow' (Darwin 1854). The spur of the tergum is broad, being one-third to one-half of the width (Darwin 1854; Pilsbry 1916; Foster 1967; Werner 1967). Larval stages are illustrated by Barker (1976) and Lang (1979).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Arthropoda
Subphylum:   Crustacea
Class:   Maxillopoda
Subclass:   Thecostraca
Infraclass:   Cirripedia
Superorder:   Thoracica
Order:   Sessilia
Suborder:   Balanomorpha
Superfamily:   Balanoidea
Family:   Balanidae
Genus:   Balanus
Species:   trigonus

Synonyms

Potentially Misidentified Species

Ecology

General:

Balanus trigonus prefers saline (26-40 ppt), subtidal habitats in warm-temperate, subtropical and tropical seas (Werner 1967). This species, like many other barnacles, is hermaphroditic, but is capable of cross-fertilization. The fertilized eggs are brooded in the mantle cavity, sometimes for several months, and are released as nauplius larvae with three pairs of appendages (Barnes 1983). Balanus trigonus in culture produced broods of 1,000 to 35,000 eggs, averaging ~13,000 eggs (El-Komy and Kajihara 1991)..The nauplii feed in the plankton and go through five successive molts, spending at least 4 -11 days in the water column before molting into a non-feeding cypris stage, covered with a pair of chitinous shells (Barker 1976). Cyprids swim, investigating suitable surfaces and then settle, secreting a shell, and molting into the first juvenile barnacle stage (Barnes 1983). Juvenile and adult barnacles are filter feeders, sweeping the water with their long bristled appendages, and gathering phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus (Barnes 1983). Balanus trigonus grows on a wide range of hard surfaces, including mangroves, rocks, oysters, crabs, pilings, docks and ship hulls (Werner 1967; Zullo 1992).

Food:

Phytoplankton, zooplankton

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatRockyNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatMangrovesNone
General HabitatOyster ReefNone
General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatVessel HullNone
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Maximum Temperature (ºC)3750% of adults survived 20 h in water at 37ºC.(Ritz and Foster 1968)
Minimum Salinity (‰)22Lowest tested (Thiyagarajan et al. 2003)
Maximum Salinity (‰)40Typical Red Sea salinity.
Minimum Reproductive Temperature18Lowest tested (Thiyagarajan et al. 2003).
Maximum Reproductive Temperature28Highest tested (Thiyagarajan et al. 2003).
Minimum Reproductive Salinity22Lowest Tested(Thiyagarajan et al. 2003).
Maximum Reproductive Salinity40Typical Red Sea salinity.
Minimum Duration4.528 C (Thiyagarajan et al. 2003).
Maximum Duration1520 C, Barker 1976
Minimum Width (mm)25Maximum adult size (Darwin 1854)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneWarm temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity RangeNonePolyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Economic Impacts 

Shipping- We have not found specific reports of economic impacts for Balanus trigonus in North American waters. However, it is common in subtropical waters, frequently reported from ship hulls, and contributes to barnacle fouling of ships and harbor structures (Utinomi 1970; Moore et al. 1974; Zullo 1992).

Ecological Impacts

Fouling communities including B. trigonus were studied in North Carolina, off Cape Lookout. This barnacle was the most common species on fouling plates, together with the octocoral, Titanideum frauenfeldii. However, there was no evidence of spatial competition, since much space remained unoccupied. Balanus trigonus suffered considerable mortality from sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) predation and sediment scour (Williams et al. 1984). These studies did not indicate unique impacts resulting from this barnacle’s invasion. However, B. trigonus is a potential competitor with other fouling organisms in suitable habitats.

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
PAN_CAR Panama Caribbean Coast 1939 Def Estab
PAN_PAC Panama Pacific Coast Native Estab

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
3772 Laguna 1985 1985 1985-01-01 Boca Chica Native 8.0000 -82.5000
3773 Laguna 1985 1985 1985-01-01 Rio San Juan, Pacific Ocean Native 8.2333 -81.8500
3774 Laguna 1985 1985 1985-01-01 Playa Venao Native 7.4500 -80.2667
3775 Laguna 1985 1985 1985-01-01 Playa el Palmar Native 8.0000 -79.4000
3776 Laguna 1985 1985 1985-01-01 Puerto Parita Native 8.1333 -80.4000
3777 Laguna 1985 1985 1985-01-01 Coronado Native 8.5833 -79.8833
3778 Laguna 1985 1985 1985-01-01 west of Canal dredging Native 8.9167 -79.5833
4271 Southward 1975 1975 1975-01-01 Galeta Point Def 9.4050 -79.8689
4272 U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2002 1933 1933-03-09 Honda Bay Native 7.7481 -81.5283
4273 U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2002 1935 1935-02-05 Secas Islands Def 7.9689 -82.0375
4274 U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2002 1971 9999-01-01 Panama City Native 8.8333 -79.2500
4275 U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2002 1971 1971-06-24 Taboguilla Island Native 8.8000 -79.5167

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