Invasion History

First Non-native Panama (Pacific) Tidal Record: 1924

Panama Invasion History:


Invasion history elsewhere in the world:

Amphibalanus eburneus has been widely introduced around the world by shipping, and has invaded the Northeast Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, Northwestern Pacific and the Northeastern Pacific (Barnes and Barnes 1972; Henry and McLaughlin 1975; Utinomi 1975; Laguna 1985). On the Atlantic Coast, it became established in the Bay of Biscay, France by 1940 (Barnes and Barnes 1972; Golletquer et al. 2002). Further north, it was first collected in Dutch waters as early as 1895, but sporadically appeared and disappeared, and does not seem to be established there (Wolff 2005). Amphibalanus eburneus has become established in the seas of southern Europe, entering the Mediterranean by 1863, and reaching the Black Sea by 1895 (Relini and Matricardi 1999; Kocak and Kucuksezgin 2000; Gomiou et al. 2002; Innocenti 2006). This barnacle has colonized the Caspian Sea via canals and ballast water (Grigorevich et al. 2003), but has also invaded oceanic islands, including Bermuda (in 1962, Henry and McLaughlin 1975) and the Azores (Southward 1998).

Amphibalanus eburneus was collected in Manila, the Philippines, before 1916 (Pilsbry 1916), but its expansion into the Northwest Pacific was not documented until after World War II. It appeared in Tokyo Bay in 1950 (Utinomi 1970), and eventually spread north to Vladivostok, Russia and south to Hong Kong (Utinomi 1975; Rainbow 1990, Kim 1992; Zvyaginstsev 2003). Amphibalanus eburneus was collected at Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands in 1967 (Zullo et al. 1972), possibly brought there during World War II or during post-war atomic bomb tests. It was first collected on Guam in 2000, where it was found in an estuary and near freshwater seeps (Paulay et al. 2002; Paulay and Ross 2003). It has also become established at several points along trade routes between Europe and Asia, including the Suez Canal (in 2003, Emara and Belal 2004) and in Mumbai and Madras, India (Daniel 1955 in Matsui et al. 1964; Henry and McLaughlin 1975).


Description

Amphibalanus eburneus has a shell which varies from conical to cylindrical, depending on the amount of crowding. The orifice is round or slightly toothed, and its width is usually more than ½ its height. The plates have wide longitudinal spaces (radii), narrowing towards the top of the shell plates, while the tops (summits) of the shell plates are thick and rough (Henry and McLaughlin 1975). Inside the operculum, the scutum has thick growth ridges. The tergum has a blunt apex, and a broad spur, with a length only a little greater than its width. The basal margin of the tergum curves inward beside the spur, and then curves outward to form a protuberance with prominent ridges, forming a jagged edge (Henry and McLaughlin 1975). This barnacle can grow to 40 mm diameter and 30 mm height (Henry and McLaughlin 1975), but adults more typically reach 25 mm basal diameter (Gosner 1978). It is characteristic of sheltered estuarine habitats, and tolerates considerable salinity variation (Henry and McLaughlin 1975). The larval stages are described and illustrated in Lang (1979) and Lang (1980).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Arthropoda
Subphylum:   Crustacea
Class:   Maxillopoda
Subclass:   Thecostraca
Infraclass:   Cirripedia
Superorder:   Thoracica
Order:   Sessilia
Suborder:   Balanomorpha
Superfamily:   Balanoidea
Family:   Balanidae
Genus:   Amphibalanus
Species:   eburneus

Synonyms

Balanus amphitrite var. niveus (Oleivera, 1941)
Balanus democraticus (Dekay, 1844)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Amphibalanus amphitrite
Widely distributed in warm-temperate-tropical waters

Amphibalanus improvisus
Characteristic of brackish waters, widely distributed

Amphibalanus reticulatus
Widely distributed in subtropical waters

Amphibalanus subalbidus
Characteristic of brackish waters, Chesapeake Bay-Trinidad, introduced in Brazil and Gulf of California

Amphibalanus venustus
Native to Atlantic, MA-Brazil, introduced to SW Europe to S Africa, Persian Gulf to Madagascar

Ecology

General:

Amphibalanus eburneus, like many other barnacles, is hermaphroditic, but is capable of cross-fertilization. The fertilized eggs are brooded in the mantle cavity, sometimes for several months, and are released as nauplius larvae with three pairs of appendages (Barnes 1983). Broods of A. eburneus in culture ranged from ,1000 ro 13,000 eggs (El-Komy and Kajihara 1991). The nauplii feed in the plankton and go through five successive molts, spending four to 18 days in the water column before molting into a non-feeding cypris stage, covered with a pair of chitinous shells (Scheltema et al. 1982). Cyprids swim, investigating suitable surfaces, and then settle, secreting a shell and molting into the first juvenile barnacle stages. Juvenile and adult barnacles are filter feeders, sweeping the water with their long bristled appendages that gather phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus. Amphibalanus eburneus has seven larval stages, as in other Thoracica: a non-feeding nauplius I, feeding nauplius stages II-VI, and a nonfeeding cyprid, the settling stage (Costlow and Boukhout 1957). Larval development period is based on laboratory experiments with larvae from Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The longest larval development, 18 days, was observed at 20ºC with a low food concentration, the shortest, four days, at 30ºC with high food availability (Scheltema and Williams 1982).

Based on its native range, Amphibalanus eburneus survives in estuaries prone to some winter ice cover, and also survives warm tropical temperatures (Henry and McLaughlin 1975). Its requirement for a temperature of ~20+ºC for larval development (Scheltema et al. 1992) may limit its range. This is suggested by its sporadic appearances in shallow, warm habitats at the northern edges of its range in the Sea of Japan (Zvyaginstsev 2003), the Netherlands (Wolff 2005) and Atlantic France (Barnes and Barnes 1972). Carlton et al. (2011) predict that with climate change, A. eburneus will move north into Maine. Amphibalanus eburneus can be found in marine and estuarine environments from the shallow subtidal to 37 m. Individuals settle on mangroves, mollusk shells, wood, rocks, harbor installations and ships (Wells 1966; Henry and McLaughlin 1975; Laguna 1985).

In a survey of barnacles in the upper and middle Chesapeake Bay, Amphibalanus eburneus was collected at salinities as low as 8 PSU, but was the least abundant species (Kennedy and de Cosimo 1983). This barnacle is most abundant in lower portions of the Bay (Ruiz et al., unpublished data). In a Trinidad mangrove swamp, A. eburneus occurred and reproduced at 6-40 ppt (Bacon 1971). Settlement of cyprids from Chesapeake Bay occurred at salinities of 5-35 ppt (Dineen and Hines 1994). In the Loxahatchee River estuary, Indian Lagoon, Florida, A. eburneus was common at sites with average salinities of 22-32 ppt, and rare at average salinities as low as 19 ppt (SEM ± 3 ppt) (McPherson et al. 1984).

Food:

Phytoplankton

Competitors:

Other barnacles

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatOyster ReefNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatRockyNone
General HabitatMangrovesNone
General HabitatVessel HullNone
Salinity RangeMesohaline5-18 PSU
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Tidal RangeLow IntertidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Temperature (ºC)-2Based on occurrence in estuaries with winter ice cover.
Minimum Salinity (‰)6Experimental, lowest tested Trinidad (Bacon 1971)
Maximum Salinity (‰)70Field, Laguna Madre TX (Simmons 1957)
Minimum Reproductive Temperature20Experimental. larval survival, lowest tested (Scheltema et al. 1982).
Maximum Reproductive Temperature30Experimental. larval survival, highest tested (Scheltema et al. 1982).
Minimum Reproductive Salinity5Settlement of cyprids in laboratory experiments (Dineen and Hines 1994).
Maximum Reproductive Salinity45Field, Laguna Madre TX (Simmons 1957); Successful development, at 40 PSU highest salinity tested (Bacon 1976).
Minimum Duration4Experimental, larval development to cypris, 30 C, high food (Scheltema et al. 1982).
Maximum Duration18Experimental, larval development to cypris, 20 C, low food (Scheltema et al. 1982).
Maximum Length (mm)30Maximum adult height (Henry and McLaughlin 1975)
Maximum Width (mm)40Maximum basal height (Henry and McLaughlin 1975)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity RangeNoneMesohaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Economic Impacts

We have not found specific reports of economic impacts for Amphibalanus eburneus. However, A. eburneus is an abundant fouling species in its native range on the East and Gulf Coasts of the U.S. (Visscher 1927; Moore and Frue 1959; Utinomi 1970; Relini and Matricardi 1999; Kocak and Kucuksezgin 2001) and it can be a major contributor to growth/biofouling on the surfaces of ships and harbor structures. It is also a common fouling organism in oyster beds, and a potential competitor with oysters for space and food (White and Wilson 1996). Hull fouling by barnacles and other organisms has costly impacts for shipping lines by increasing fuel costs, decreasing maneuverability, and clogging internal seawater piping (Visscher 1927; Haderlie 1984). Barnacles also greatly contribute to fouling of navigational buoys and coastal power station intakes (Haderlie 1984).

Ecological Impacts

In its native waters on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, A. eburneus is considered a potential fouling organism and competitor of the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) (White and Wilson 1996). In the southern Caspian Sea, a mass population boom of A. eburneus is reported to have adversely affected molluscs and hydroids, due to competition for space and planktonic food (Zaitsev and Ozturk 2001).

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
PAN_PAC Panama Pacific Coast 1924 Def Estab
PAN_CAR Panama Caribbean Coast Native Estab

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
3454 Laguna 1985 1984 1984-01-01 Playa Venao Def 7.0000 -80.0000
3455 Laguna 1985 1984 1984-01-01 Veracruz Def 8.0000 -79.6333
3456 Laguna 1985 1984 1984-01-01 Playa el Palmar Def 8.0000 -79.4000
3882 U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2002 1972 1972-11-04 Panama Bay, Miraflores Locks Spillway Def 9.0000 -79.6000
3910 Matsui et al. 1964 1964 1964-04-01 Balboa Def 9.0833 -79.7167
5715 Matsui et al. 1964 1964 1964-04-01 Balboa Native 8.9500 -79.5667
6102 Spivey 1976 1974 1974-07-21 East Breakwater at Fort Randolph Native 9.3833 -79.8833

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