Invasion History

First Non-native Panama (Pacific) Tidal Record: 2008

Panama Invasion History:


Invasion history elsewhere in the world:

Laomedea calceolifera has been introduced to the Northwest Pacific, where it was first collected in Shandong, China in the Yellow Sea (Chen-sheng Kao, cited by Chalypigna 1992); and later found in Peter the Great Bay, in the vicinity of Vladivostok, Russia on docks and the hull of a boat (Chalypigna 1992). It has been found on a ship's hull in South Africa, but it is not established there (Millard 1975).


Description

Laomedea calceolifera has fixed gonophores rather than a free medusa stage in its life cycle. It forms colonies up to 30 mm high, with erect stems arising from smooth, but twisting stolons. Branches are alternating left and right, and above each branching point are several rings. The hydrothecae are born on pedicels with multiple rings. They are deep and bell-shaped, with a smooth, distally flared margin. The male and female gonothecae are dissimilar when mature. The female gonothecae are club-shaped, with a sub-terminal curving aperture on one side. The male gonothecae are cylindrical, narrower than the female, and are elongate with a terminal aperture (description from: Bouillon et al. 2004; Vervoort 2006).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Cnidaria
Class:   Hydrozoa
Subclass:   Hydroidolina
Order:   Leptothecata
Family:   Campanulariidae
Genus:   Laomedea
Species:   calceolifera

Synonyms

Campanularia calceolifera (Hincks, 1871)
Eulaomedea calceolifera (Rees & Thursfield, 1965)
(, )
Lomedea calceolifera (Boero & Bouillon, 1993)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Laomedea flexuosa
This hydroid is widely distributed in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean, and has been introduced into the Sea of Japan, in Russia (Chalypigna 1992; Bouillon et al. 2004; Vervoort 2006).

Ecology

General:

Laomedea calceolifera is a sessile hydrozoan which lacks a planktonic medusa stage. Colonies grow on a solid substrate, with polyps arising from a creeping stolon. The polyps form bushy structures, with many hydranths, whose tentacles capture zooplankton. The polyps produce gonophores, which produce either eggs or sperm. The egg develops into a ciliated non-feeding planula larva which is released into the water column (Bouillon et al. 2004; Vervoort 2006).

Planulae of L. calceolifera settle and grow on stones, seagrasses, seaweeds, docks, buoys, and pilings (Fraser 1944). It is also known from ships’ hulls and fouling plates (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952; Chalypigna 1992). Laomedea calceolifera grows in cold-temperate to subtropical climates, and in the Black and Mediterranean Sea (Bouillon et al. 2004) where salinities range from 18 to 38 PSU.

Food:

zoooplankton, epibenthos

Consumers:

Nudibranchs

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatVessel HullNone
Salinity RangeMesohaline5-18 PSU
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Maximum Height (mm)30Hydroid height (Bouillon et al. 2004; Vervoort 2006)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Subtropical
Broad Salinity RangeNonePolyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

The hydroid Laomedea calceolifera is a common and widespread ship and dock fouling organism, but specific impacts have not been reported.

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
PAN_PAC Panama Pacific Coast 2008 Def Estab

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude

References

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Bouillon, Jean; Medel, Maria Dolores; Pagès, Francesc; Gili, Josep-Maria; Boero, Ferdinando ; Gravili, Cinzia (2004) Fauna of the Mediterranean Hydrozoa., Scientia Marina 68(suppl. 2): 5-438

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