Invasion History

First Non-native Panama (Pacific) Tidal Record: 2008
First Non-native Panama (Caribbean) Tidal Record: 2002

Panama Invasion History:

Invasion History in Panama:

Styela canopus in Caribbean is found only in marinas, and was collected in Colon, at the Caribbean end of the Panama Canal in 2002. In the East Pacific, it was found in Panama Bay, near the mouth of the Panama Canal in 2008.


Invasion history elsewhere in the world:

In the northeast Atlantic, S. canopus ranges from the south coast of England and Normandy (Hayward and Ryland 1990; Breton et al. 1996) to the Cape Verde Islands, Sierra Leone and Senegal (Monniot and Monniot 1994) to Egypt and Lebanon (Bitar and Kouli-Bitar 2001). It was reported from the Channel Islands, off France, in 1868, as Cynthia variabilis (Hancock 1868, cited by Kott 1998), and from the Adriatic Sea in 1877 as Styela canopoides (Heller 1877, as cited by Kott 1998). On biogeographic grounds, based on its likely origin in the Indo-Pacific, S. canopus appears to be a very early introduction to European waters (Carlton, personal communication 2000). 
 
In the southwest Atlantic, S. canopus was first collected from an abandoned fishnet in Rio de Janeiro Bay, Brazil (Monniot 1969, cited by da Rocha and Kremer 2005). In Brazil, it appears to be most abundant in port areas (da Rocha and Kremer 2005).


Description

Styela canopus is a solitary tunicate. Its body shape varies from globular, to elongate, depending on whether it's growing as a single individual or in a dense cluster. When growing singly, it is attached by much of its ventral surface, with the oral siphon slightly below the anterior tip. When crowded, the body is attached by only a small part of the ventral surface, with the oral siphon at the anterior tip, and the atrial siphon slightly below. Both siphons are low and warty. The test is variable in thickness, tough and leathery with rough bumps and wrinkles. Worm tubes, bryozoans and algae frequently grow on the test. The color is usually grayish or yellowish posteriorly, becoming brown, purplish, or red anteriorly, with four dark stripes on the siphons. Internally, the pharynx has four narrow folds on each side, and there are two gonads on the left side and 2-5 on the right. The animal is up to 25-30 mm in length (Van Name 1945; Kott 1985; Lambert and Lambert 1998).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Chordata
Subphylum:   Tunicata
Class:   Ascidiacea
Order:   Stolidobranchia
Family:   Styelidae
Genus:   Styela
Species:   canopus

Synonyms

Cynthia partita (Stimpson, 1852)
Cynthia stellifera (Verrill, 1871)
Halocynthia partita (Verrill, 1879)
Styela aggregata var. americana (Metcalf, 1888)
Styela barbaris (Kott, 1952)
Styela canopoides (Heller, 1877)
Styela marquesana (Michaelsen, 1918)
Styela orbicularis (Sluiter, 1904)
Styela partita (Verrill, 1901)
Styela rectangularis (Kott, 1952)
Styela variabilis (Hancock, 1868)
Tethyum canopus (Hartmeyer, 1915)
Tethyum partitum (Hartmeyer, 1912)
Cynthia canopus (Savigny, 1816)
Styela bicolor (Sluiter, 1887)
Styela pupa (Heller, 1878)
Styela stephensoni (Michaelsen, 1934)
Tethyum orbiculare (Sluiter, 1904)
Tethyum pupa (Heller, 1878)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Styela clava
Native to NW Pacific, widespread in higher latitude harbors

Styela panamensis

Native to Caribbean Panama (De Barros and da Rocha (2021). Records of S.canopus in Boca del Toros, Panama, and in Venezuela, may refer to this newly described native species (de Barros and da Rocha 2021).



Styela plicata
Possibly native to NW Pacific, widespread in warm-temperate and tropical waters.

Ecology

General:

Life History- A solitary tunicate is ovoid, elongate or vase-like in shape, with two openings or siphons. Most solitary tunicates attach to substrates by their side or base, but some attach with a conspicuous stalk. They are sessile filter feeders with two siphons, an oral and an atrial siphon. Water is pumped in through the oral siphon, where phytoplankton and detritus is filtered by the gills, and passed on mucus strings to the stomach and intestines. Waste is then expelled in the outgoing atrial water.

Solitary ascidians are hermaphroditic, meaning that both eggs and sperm are released to the atrial chamber. Eggs may be self-fertilized or fertilized by sperm from nearby animals, but many species have a partial block to self-fertilization. In internal fertilizers, including S. canopus, eggs are brooded and fertilized within the atrial chamber and then released into the water column upon hatching. Fertilized eggs hatch into a tadpole larva with a muscular tail, notochord, eyespots, and a set of adhesive papillae. The lecithotrophic (non-feeding, yolk-dependent) larva swims briefly before settlement. In S. canopus, the larvae settled after ~2 hours at 25 ?C (Ying et al 2003). Once settled, the tail is absorbed, the gill basket expands, and the tunicate begins to feed by filtering (Barnes 1983).

Food:

Phytoplankton, detritus

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatRockyNone
General HabitatVessel HullNone
General HabitatMangrovesNone
General HabitatUnstructured BottomNone
General HabitatCoral reefNone
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone

Life History


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Maximum Temperature (ºC)30Mazatlan/Mexico/Urias estuary, Gulf of California (Salgado Barragan et al. 2004)
Minimum Salinity (‰)23Mazatlan//Mexico/Urias estuary, Gulf of California (Salgado Barragan et al. 2004)
Maximum Salinity (‰)43Mazatlan/Mexico/Urias estuary, Gulf of California (Salgado Barragan et al. 2004)
Maximum Length (mm)30Van Name 1945; Kott 1985; Lambert and Lambert 1998
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity RangeNonePolyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Styela canopus, commonly known as the Rough Sea Squirt, is a widespread member of the fouling community in the world's coastal waters, and has been reported from ships, buoys, piers, and docks (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952; Lambert and Lambert, 1998). However, its impacts are unknown.


Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
PAN_PAC Panama Pacific Coast 2008 Def Estab
PAN_CAR Panama Caribbean Coast 2003 Def Estab

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
7655 da Rocha et al. 2005 2003 2003-01-01 Bocas del Toro Def 9.3333 -82.2500
7658 Carman et al. 2011 2009 2009-01-01 Colon Def 9.3333 -79.9000
7659 Ruiz et al. unpublished data 2008 2008-01-01 Panama City Def 8.9833 -79.5167

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